{"product_id":"1582-1615-1591-1614-1575-1591-1575-1578-1575-1604-1581-1616-1580-1614-1575-1580-1601-1610-1575-1604-1605-9786144296103","title":"\u0026#1582;\u0026#1615;\u0026#1591;\u0026#1614;\u0026#1575;\u0026#1591;\u0026#1575;\u0026#1578; \u0026#1575;\u0026#1604;\u0026#1581;\u0026#1616;\u0026#1580;\u0026#1614;\u0026#1575;\u0026#1580; \u0026#1601;\u0026#1610; \u0026#1575;\u0026#1604;\u0026#1605;","description":"\u003cp\u003e • Author(s): Douglas Walton | الصمد | Hadi Al-Samadani\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher: Madarek Company for Publishing and Distributi\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher Imprint: Madarek Company for Publishing and Distributi\u003cbr\u003e • BISAC: Logic\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArgumentation Schemes in Presumptive Reasoning\u003c\/em\u003e by Douglas Walton is a foundational work in informal logic, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. This book presents a systematic and practical framework for understanding how arguments function in real-life contexts, especially when certainty is not available and reasoning relies on plausible assumptions.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalton develops the concept of argumentation schemes-structured patterns of reasoning that guide how arguments are formed, evaluated, and challenged. Each scheme is supported by critical questions that help readers assess the strength, relevance, and credibility of arguments across disciplines such as philosophy, law, artificial intelligence, communication studies, and everyday discourse.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work emphasizes presumptive reasoning, a form of reasoning that operates under uncertainty and is subject to revision when new evidence emerges. It moves beyond traditional formal logic by incorporating pragmatic and dialogical aspects of argumentation, making it highly applicable to real-world discussions, debates, and decision-making processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Arabic translation by Hadi Al-Samadani makes this influential text accessible to Arabic-speaking readers, providing a valuable resource for students, researchers, and professionals interested in logic, rhetoric, and analytical thinking.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book is ideal for those seeking to develop advanced reasoning skills, understand fallacies, and improve their ability to construct and evaluate arguments in both academic and practical settings.\u003c\/p\u003eيُعد كتاب \u003cstrong\u003eخطاطات الحجاج في المنطق الظني\u003c\/strong\u003e للمؤلف دوجلاس والتون من أهم المراجع الحديثة في المنطق غير الصوري ونظرية الحجاج والتفكير النقدي. يقدم الكتاب إطارًا منهجيًا لفهم كيفية بناء الحجج وتحليلها في السياقات الواقعية، خاصة في الحالات التي يغيب فيها اليقين ويعتمد التفكير على الظن والترجيح.يركز الكتاب على مفهوم \"خطاطات الحجاج\"، وهي أنماط استدلالية منظمة تساعد على فهم بنية الحجة وتقييم قوتها. كما يربط كل نمط بمجموعة من الأسئلة النقدية التي تمكّن القارئ من فحص الحجج وكشف مواطن القوة والضعف فيها، مما يجعله أداة فعالة في مجالات متعددة مثل الفلسفة والقانون والذكاء الاصطناعي وتحليل الخطاب.يعالج والتون في هذا العمل الاستدلال الظني بوصفه نوعًا من التفكير العملي القابل للمراجعة، ويؤكد على أهمية السياق والحوار في تقييم الحجج، متجاوزًا ","brand":"Madarek Company for Publishing and Distributi","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":47892783038615,"sku":"9786144296103","price":2377.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0666\/3471\/1191\/files\/9786144296103.webp?v=1781188924","url":"https:\/\/atlanticbooks.com\/products\/1582-1615-1591-1614-1575-1591-1575-1578-1575-1604-1581-1616-1580-1614-1575-1580-1601-1610-1575-1604-1605-9786144296103","provider":"Atlantic Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}