{"product_id":"new-methods-of-thought-and-procedure-contributions-to-the-symposium-on-methodologies-9783642876196","title":"New Methods of Thought and Procedure: Contributions to the Symposium on Methodologies","description":"\u003cp\u003e • Author(s): F. Zwicky\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher: Springer\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher Imprint: Springer\u003cbr\u003e • BISAC: General\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 Definitions Operations research, first called operational re- search by P. M. S. Blackett (1) in Britain about 1938, has a broad zneaning illustrated by several exaznples in this section. Briefly, it znay be defined as the study of znan- znachine systezns that have a purpose. In znore descriptive terzns, operations research involves the application of physical, biological, and social sciences in the znost quanti- tative way possible. It thus draws on the disciplines of znedicine, psychology, and all forzns of engineering (2). As the following historical exaznples will show, an essential step in every 0 - R study is recognition of the purpose of an ope ration, an organiz ation, or a systezn. This often leads to a zneasure of znerit or a value parazneter by which operational results can be coznpared; for exaznple, the fraction of approaching aircraft shot down by an air-defense systezn, or annual sales of products by an industrial con- cern, or gross national product of a country. Predictions of such operational results, and quanti- tative coznparisons between different systezns, require znatheznatical znodels of each systezn and its operation. In sozne cases--such as the accuracy of anti-aircraft fire, or the cost of producing a znachined product, or transportation costs of delivery--the znodel can be znatheznatically precise or deterzninistic. More generally, operational results are probabalistic and require a stochastic znodel.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Springer","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":45282815213719,"sku":"9783642876196","price":7345.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0666\/3471\/1191\/files\/9783642876196.webp?v=1769303263","url":"https:\/\/atlanticbooks.com\/products\/new-methods-of-thought-and-procedure-contributions-to-the-symposium-on-methodologies-9783642876196","provider":"Atlantic Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}