{"product_id":"permafrost-in-canada-its-influence-on-northern-development-9781442651517","title":"Permafrost in Canada: Its Influence on Northern Development","description":"\u003cp\u003e • Author(s): Roger Brown\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher: University of Toronto Press\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher Imprint: University of Toronto Press\u003cbr\u003e • BISAC: Ecology\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePermafrost is the thermal condition of the earth's crust when \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eits temperature has been below 32 F continuously for a number of years. Half of \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eCanada's land surface lies in the permafrost region--either in the \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003econtinuous zone where the ground is frozen to a depth of hundreds of feet, or in the \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003ediscontinuous zone where permafrost is thinner, and there are areas of unfrozen \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eground.\u003cp\u003eThe existence of permafrost causes problems for the development of the \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003enorthern regions of all countries extending into the Arctic. Mining operations are \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003ehindered by frozen ore which resists blasting and is difficult to thaw. Agriculture \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eis restricted by the presence of permafrost near the ground surface which limits the \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003esoil available for plant growth. \u003cp\u003eEngineering structures are also \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eaffected by the low temperatures. Ice layers give soil a rock-like structure with \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003ehigh strength. However heat transmitted by buildings often causes the ice to melt, \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eand the resulting slurry is unable to support the structure. Many settlements in \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003enorthern Canada have examples of structural damage or failure caused by permafrost. \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eIn the construction and maintenance of railways, buildings, water and sewage lines, \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003edams, roads, bridges, and airfields, normal techniques must often be modified at \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eadditional cost because of permafrost.\u003cp\u003eFor the last twenty-five years \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003escientific investigations and engineering projects have increased steadily in \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eCanada's permafrost region, and it is now technically possible to build any \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003estructure or conduct any activity on the worst soils and under permafrost \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003econditions.\u003cp\u003eThis comprehensive analysis of permafrost--its origin, \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003edefinition, and occurrence, and the effect it has on industry and \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eagriculture--will be invaluable to the growing number of people working in the \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003enorth and to those interested in its development. ","brand":"University of Toronto Press","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46894470660247,"sku":"9781442651517","price":3980.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0666\/3471\/1191\/files\/9781442651517.webp?v=1770324591","url":"https:\/\/atlanticbooks.com\/products\/permafrost-in-canada-its-influence-on-northern-development-9781442651517","provider":"Atlantic Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}