{"product_id":"the-internet-the-global-internet-and-how-it-works-9798312361896","title":"The Internet: The Global Internet and how it works","description":"\u003cp\u003e • Author(s): Jc Reardon\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher: Independently Published\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher Imprint: Independently Published\u003cbr\u003e • BISAC: Electronic Commerce (see also headings under Business \u0026amp; Econ\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. What is the Internet?\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eInternet\u003c\/b\u003e is a vast system of networks linked together using the \u003cb\u003eInternet Protocol (IP)\u003c\/b\u003e. It enables communication between billions of devices worldwide, from personal computers and smartphones to servers and smart appliances.\u003cbr\u003eIt is often confused with the \u003cb\u003eWorld Wide Web (WWW)\u003c\/b\u003e, but the web is just one part of the Internet. The Internet also includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmail (SMTP, IMAP, POP3)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFile transfers (FTP, P2P)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVoice \u0026amp; video calls (VoIP)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCloud services\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnline gaming\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. How Does the Internet Work?\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Internet functions through a combination of hardware, software, and protocols that allow devices to communicate.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 1: Devices Connect to the Internet\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour device (computer, phone, or tablet) connects via \u003cb\u003eWi-Fi, Ethernet, or mobile networks\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt communicates with an \u003cb\u003eInternet Service Provider (ISP)\u003c\/b\u003e, which provides access to the broader Internet.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 2: Data Travels Through Networks\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhen you request a website (e.g., google.com): \u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour device sends a request to your ISP.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe request travels through \u003cb\u003erouters\u003c\/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eservers\u003c\/b\u003e across the Internet.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe request reaches the \u003cb\u003eweb server\u003c\/b\u003e hosting the website.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe server sends the requested web page back to your device.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\u003cb\u003eStep 3: Communication via Protocols\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Internet works because of standard communication rules called \u003cb\u003eprotocols\u003c\/b\u003e: \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eIP (Internet Protocol)\u003c\/b\u003e - Assigns unique addresses to devices.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eTCP (Transmission Control Protocol)\u003c\/b\u003e - Ensures reliable data transmission.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eHTTP\/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)\u003c\/b\u003e - Transfers web pages.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDNS (Domain Name System)\u003c\/b\u003e - Converts website names (e.g., google.com) into IP addresses.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Key Components of the Internet\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Servers \u0026amp; Clients\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eClients\u003c\/b\u003e (your device) request information.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eServers\u003c\/b\u003e store and provide the requested data.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Routers \u0026amp; Switches\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eRouters\u003c\/b\u003e direct data between networks.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSwitches\u003c\/b\u003e connect multiple devices in a local network.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Data Centers\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarge facilities store and process vast amounts of Internet data.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCloud services (Google Drive, Dropbox) use data centers.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Submarine Cables \u0026amp; Satellites\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMost Internet data travels through \u003cb\u003eundersea fiber-optic cables\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSatellites (e.g., Starlink) provide Internet to remote areas.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. How Do Websites Work?\u003c\/b\u003e\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou type \u003cb\u003e\"www.google.com\"\u003c\/b\u003e in your browser.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour browser contacts a \u003cb\u003eDNS server\u003c\/b\u003e to find Google's IP address.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour request is sent over the Internet to Google's \u003cb\u003eweb server\u003c\/b\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe web server processes the request and sends back the web page.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour browser displays the page.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Internet Speed \u0026amp; Connectivity\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eFactors Affecting Internet Speed\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eBandwidth\u003c\/b\u003e - The amount of data transmitted per second (Mbps\/Gbps).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eLatency\u003c\/b\u003e - The delay in data transmission (ping time).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNetwork Congestion\u003c\/b\u003e - More users on a network slow it down.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cb\u003eTypes of Internet Connections\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFiber-optic\u003c\/b\u003e - Fastest and most reliable.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eCable\u003c\/b\u003e - Common in homes, decent speeds.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDSL\u003c\/b\u003e - Slower, uses phone lines.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSatellite\u003c\/b\u003e - Used in remote areas.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMobile (4G\/5G)\u003c\/b\u003e - Wireless but varies in speed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Independently Published","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":45554123669655,"sku":"9798312361896","price":1617.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0666\/3471\/1191\/files\/9798312361896.webp?v=1767676967","url":"https:\/\/atlanticbooks.com\/products\/the-internet-the-global-internet-and-how-it-works-9798312361896","provider":"Atlantic Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}