{"product_id":"the-lineaments-of-wrath-race-violent-crime-and-american-culture-9780765808738","title":"The Lineaments of Wrath: Race, Violent Crime and American Culture","description":"\u003cp\u003e • Author(s): James W. Clarke\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher: Routledge\u003cbr\u003e • Publisher Imprint: Routledge\u003cbr\u003e • BISAC: Minority Studies\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eViolence has marked relations between blacks and whites in America for nearly four hundred years. In \u003cem\u003eThe Lineaments of Wrath\u003c\/em\u003e, James W. Clarke draws upon behavioral science theory and primary historical evidence to examine and explain its causes and enduring consequences.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeginning with slavery and concluding with the present, Clarke describes how the combined effects of state-sanctioned mob violence and the discriminatory administration of \"race-blind\" criminal and contract labor laws terrorized and immobilized the black population in the post-emancipation South. In this fashion an agricultural system, based on debt peonage and convict labor, quickly replaced slavery and remained the back-bone of the region's economy well into the twentieth century.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuoting the actual words of victims and witnesses--from former slaves to \"gangsta\" rappers--Clarke documents the erosion of black confidence in American criminal justice. In so doing, he also traces the evolution, across many generations, of a black subculture of violence, in which disputes are settled personally, and without recourse to the legal system. That subculture, the author concludes, accounts for historically high rates of black-on-black violence which now threatens to destroy the black inner city from within. \u003cem\u003eThe Lineaments of Wrath\u003c\/em\u003e puts America's race issues into a completely original historical perspective. Those in the fields of political science, sociology, history, psychology, public policy, race relations, and law will find Clarke's work of profound importance.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Atlantic Books","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":46357782266007,"sku":"9780765808738","price":1965.0,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0666\/3471\/1191\/files\/9780765808738.webp?v=1769306112","url":"https:\/\/atlanticbooks.com\/products\/the-lineaments-of-wrath-race-violent-crime-and-american-culture-9780765808738","provider":"Atlantic Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}