Kameldarstellungen Aus Metall Im Vorislamischen Sudarabien: Eine Archaologische Fallstudie Zu Den Kulturkontakten Zwischen Arabia Felix Und Der Mittel
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English summary: The present study takes as its basis a collection of 67 bronze camel figurines kept in the Five Continents Museum in Munich of which most will be published here for the very first time. In addition to these objects from other museums will also be taken into consideration. The study intends to analyse the depictions of camels (dromedary) from ancient South Arabia and to investigate their style, chronology and meaning. Special attention will be paid to the economic and social relevance of camels and to the question of how far camel caravans can be considered as go-betweens for the cultural exchange with the Mediterranean world. The study will be completed by a compilation of all the relevant epigraphic documents from ancient Southern Arabia concerning camels in order to reveal the importance of this domestic animal. The first chapter deals with the history of ancient South Arabia (3rd. millennium B.C - 632 A.D.), the "Arabia felix" of the Classical Greek and Roman authors, and with the exact provenance of the figurines in study. A short summary of the current state of research regarding the evolution of camels follows. Based on the description of the species of the camel and its evolution an account of the research literature on the process of the domestication of camels will be given in order to establish a chronology. Thanks to their endurance and frugality camels became the most important beasts of burden on the Arabian peninsula. For this reason a subsection is dedicated to the Incense Road. The epigraphic documents given in transcription and translation in the appendix of this book will be surveyed statistically and analysed as an important source for the interpretation of the archaeological record. The figurines will be classified in three main groups according to general features and presented in a detailed catalogue. They will be analysed with regard to material, production techniques and state of preservation. Furthermore the far-reaching significance that camels had for the people of ancient South Arabia as mounts and beasts of burden as well as in a religious context will be discussed. Other documents (e. g. stelae, petroglyphs, terracotta figurines) from the region of their origin, the wider Arabian paninsula, the Near East and the Mediterranean world give an idea of the chronological classification of the camel statuettes. German description: Ausgangsbasis dieser Arbeit bildet eine 67 Stucke umfassende Sammlung von Kamelstatuetten im Museum Funf Kontinente Munchen, die hier grosstenteils zum ersten Mal der Offentlichkeit prasentiert werden. Erganzend werden Objekte aus anderen Museen mit einbezogen. Ziel ist es, die altsudarabischen Kameldarstellungen in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung zu stellen und sie im Hinblick auf Stil, Chronologie und Bedeutung des Kamels (Dromedars) zu erforschen. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung des Kamels und der Untersuchung der Fragestellung, inwieweit die Kamelkarawanen als Vermittler fur den kulturellen Austausch mit der Mittelmeerwelt gelten konnen. Vervollstandigt wird diese Studie durch eine Zusammenstellung der epigraphischen Belege aus dem altsudarabischen Raum zum Thema Kamel (Dromedar), welche die Bedeutung dieses Tieres veranschaulichen. Ein erster Abschnitt stellt die Geschichte Altsudarabiens (3. Jt. v. Chr. - 632 n. Chr.), dem Arabia felix der klassisch antiken Autoren, und die geographische Region, aus der diese Stucke stammen, vor. Es folgt eine kurze Zusammenfassung des Forschungsstandes zur Evolution des Kamels. Ausgehend von der Beschreibung der Gattung und der Entwicklung des Kamels wird die Forschungsliteratur zum Domestikationsprozess mit dem Ziel referiert, den zeitlichen Ablauf festschreiben zu konnen. Besonders hervorzuhebende Eigenschaften der Kamele wie Ausdauer und Genugsamkeit lassen diese Tiere zu den wichtigsten Lasttieren werden, die die Arabische Halbinsel kennt. Aus diesem Grund widmet sich ein Unterkapitel der Weihrauchstrasse. Die im Anhang in Transkription und Ubersetzung aufgefuhrten epigraphischen Funde, die hier statistisch erfasst und ausgewertet werden, bilden eine wichtige Voraussetzung fur die Interpretation der archaologischen Befunde. Die Statuetten werden nach allgemeinverbindlichen Charakteristika in drei Hauptgruppen unterschieden und in einem ausfuhrlichen Katalog vorgestellt. Die Auswertung der untersuchten Stucke erfolgt im Hinblick auf Material, Herstellungsverfahren und Erhaltungszustand, die tiefgreifende Bedeutung des Kamels fur die Menschen der altsudarabischen Region als Last- und Reittier und vor allem im religiosen Kontext. Vergleichsbeispielen (z. B. Stelen, Felsbilder, Terrakotten) aus der Region selbst, von der Arabischen Halbinsel, aus dem Vorderen Orient und der Mittelmeerwelt helfen zur zeitlichen Einordnung.
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