The Metaphysical System of Hobbes
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This Volume aims to supply the need and also to give an adequate impression of the Elements of philosophy concerning Body. To gain the latter end, chapters have been included from all four parts of the work and the headings of omitted chapters have been printed in full. To represent adequately the doctrine of Hobbes, it has been necessary to add to the formulation of materialism as contained in the concerning Body, (I) the argument for materialism, from the alleged unreality of consciousness, as it appears in chapter II. of Human Nature; and (2) the corollary from materialism, the teaching that spirit is a form of body from the later chapters of leviathan.
Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679) was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, and ethics, as well as philosophy in general. Although Thomas Hobbes's childhood is unknown to a large extent, as is his mother's name, it is known that Hobbes's father, Thomas Sr., was the vicar of both Charlton and Westport. Hobbes's father was uneducated, according to John Aubrey, Hobbes's biographer, and he "disesteemed learning." Thomas Sr. was involved in a fight with the local clergy outside his church, forcing him to leave London. As a result, the family was left in the care of Thomas Sr.'s older brother, Francis, a wealthy glove manufacturer with no family of his own. Mary Whiton Calkins (1863 –1930) was an American philosopher and psychologist, whose work informed theory and research of memory, dreams and the self. In 1903, Calkins was the twelfth in a listing of fifty psychologists with the most merit, chosen by her peers. Calkins was refused a Ph.D. by Harvard University because of her gender. She taught psychology and philosophy at Wellesley College for four decades, and conducted research there and at Harvard University for the majority of that time.