In The Netherlands, Belgium and other European countries, manganese is removed by conventional groundwater treatment with aeration and rapid (sand) filtration. Such a treatment process is easy to operate, cost effective and sustainable, because it does not make use of strong oxidants such as O3, Cl2, ClO2 and KMnO4 with the associated risk of by-product formation and over or under dosing.
However, application of aeration-filtration is also facing drawbacks, especially the long ripening time of filter media. Due to the long ripening time, water companies have to waste large volumes of treated water, making this process less sustainable. Also, costs associated with filter media ripening (man power, electricity, operational and analysis costs) are high. Therefore decreasing the filter ripening time, regarding manganese removal is a big issue.
Although already extended research has been carried out into manganese removal, the controlling mechanisms, especially of the start up face of filter media ripening, are not fully understood yet. The emphasis of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the ripening of virgin filter media, regarding manganese removal and how to shorten or completely eliminate the long ripening period of filters with virgin material.
This thesis therefore highlights the role of the formation of a manganese oxide coating on virgin filter media. Characterization and identification revealed that the responsible manganese oxide for an effective manganese removal was Birnessite. It was found that Birnessite, formed at the beginning of the ripening process was of a biological origin. Based on the knowledge that manganese removal in conventional groundwater treatment is initiated biologically, long ripening times may be reduced by creating conditions favouring the growth of manganese oxidizing bacteria, e.g., by limiting the back wash frequency and / or intensity. Additionally, this thesis also shows that the use of freshly prepared manganese oxide, containing Birnessite, can completely eliminate filter media ripening time.
Jantinus Bruins was born in a small village called Eext, in the northern part of The Netherlands, in 1961. After finishing the laboratory school in 1979, he started working as laboratory assistant at "Zuiveringsschap Drenthe", a Dutch water board. After ten years, he continued a job as laboratory assistant and later as water treatment employee at "het Gemeentelijk Waterbedrijf Groningen - GWG", a municipal drinking water production company. In the meantime he achieved his BSc in Environmental Technology. After the GWG merged in 1998 with the drinking water company of the province of Groningen, he joined the new company "Waterbedrijf Groningen", as water technology specialist. Jantinus additionally followed the course Environmental Science from 1999-2002, and received his Msc in 2002. In 2000 he started to work for WLN, the water quality and technology advice center for two Dutch water companies in the northern part of The Netherlands, as senior technology advisor.
Jantinus is a broadly experienced specialist in water treatment, with over 35 years of field experience. His working field covers (environmental) technology for drinking supplies, industrial water supplies and wastewater treatment, with special emphasis on drinking water technology.
