Rede über den Geist des Positivismus
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Im "Discours sur l'esprit positif" (1844) begündet Auguste Comte (1798-1857) seinen utopischen Entwurf einer von wissenschaftlichen Prinzipien geleiteten und auf positive Erkenntnisse (wahrgenommene Tatsachen) gestützten zivilisatorischen Erneuerung der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Comte untermauert und bestärkt hier den Fortschrittsglauben des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts. Somit gilt der Text als Programm- und Hauptschrift des >klassischen Positivismus
Auguste Comte wird 1798 in Montpellier geboren. Das Studium an der École Polytechnique in Paris kann der Sohn eines Steuerbeamten wegen der Teilnahme an einer Studentenrevolte nicht weiterführen und ist gezwungen, sich seinen Lebensunterhalt als Privatlehrer zu verdienen. Für einige Jahre wird er Sekretär des Sozialphilosophen Saint-Simon und kann mit dessen Unterstützung seine ersten Schriften veröffentlichen. Comte begründet durch größtenteils autodidaktische Studien den französischen Positivismus. Die "Dreistadienlehre" formuliert er bereits 1822 und veröffentlicht sie der Abhandlung über die positive Philosophie 1830. Demnach durchläuft die Menschheit drei historische Stadien, das theologische, das metaphysische und das positive Stadium, in dem schließlich die unveränderlichen Gesetze der Natur und Gesellschaft zum Tragen kommen. Die politisch-praktischen Auswirkungen des Positivismus beschreibt er im System der positiven Politik, in dem er auch den vom ihm eingeführten Begriff der Soziologie als Wissenschaft wiederaufnimmt. 1844 veröffentlicht er die Rede über den Geist des Positivismus, die als Hauptschrift des klassischen Positivismus als Zusammenfassung von Comtes Lehre gelesen werden kann. Die platonisch-verklärte Liebe zu einer verheirateten Frau veranlaßt den "Anti-Metaphysiker" in den späten Lebensjahren zur Formulierung einer "Religion der Menschheit", in der er seiner kultisch verehrten Liebe eine zentrale Stellung einräumt. Auguste Comte stirbt 1857 an Magenkrebs.
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