Gruppenorientierte Fertigungsstrukturen Im Maschinenbau
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1. 1 Das Problem Infolge der Diskussion um die Mitbestimmung am Arbeitsplatz seit Ende der 60er Jahre (vgl. Vilmar 1971) wurde im Jahre 1974 das Programm "Humani- sierung des Arbeitslebens" verabschiedet. In dessen Rahmen konnten auch Unternehmen des Maschinenbaus Fördermittel filr Pilotprojekte mit human- zentrierten Produktionsmethoden beantragen. Für die Unternehmer war der Grund filr Experimente mit alternativen Formen der Fertigungs- (Gruppen- fertigung) und Arbeitsorganisation (Gruppenarbeit) vor allem die im Zusam- menhang mit dem Ende der Massenproduktion (vgl. Piore ISabel 1989) stei- genden Kundenanforderungen (Variantenvielfalt, kleine Losgrö en), die mit den traditionellen tayloristischen Produktionsmethoden oft nicht mehr effiZi- ent bewältigt werden konnten (vgl. Abimann 1980). Reorganisationen derbe- trieblichen Aufbau- und Ablauforganisation beschränkten sich in der Regel jedoch auf fertigungsorganisatorische Umstrukturierungen, mit denen auf die sich ständig ändernden Kundenanforderungen bereits flexibler reagiert wer- den konnte, so da das Management keinen Anla zur weitergehenden An- passung der Arbeitsorganisation in Richtung Gruppenarbeit gegeben sah (vgl. Behr/Hirsch-Kreinsen 1988). Zur Beschleunigung von flexiblen und hu- manorientierten Fertigungsstrukturen wird daher seit Ende der 70er Jahre ins- besondere durch den Ausschu filr wirtschaftliche Fertigung (A WF) das Kon- zept der Gruppenfertigung in Form von Fertigungsinseln weiterentwickelt, das auf Abkehr von der verrichtungsorientierten Werkstattfertigung zugunsten einer objektorientierten Grupl)enfertigung zielt (vgl. AWF 1984) und sowohl den unternehmerischen Anspruch nach einer flexiblen Fertigung als auch den arbeitnehmerorientierten Anspruch nach humanen Arbeitsplätzen im Rahmen von Gruppenarbeit ausdrücklich ins Kalkül aufnimmt (vgl. Moll1979).
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