The 21st century will not be defined solely by energy, technology, or the rivalry between powers. It will be defined by water.
In The Water Gap: The Geopolitics of Hydrological Sovereignty, Bernd Riemann develops a forceful thesis: water has ceased to be a secondary resource managed by engineers and local administrations to become the primary strategic factor of the new world order. In an era marked by the Anthropocene, glacial collapse, the overexploitation of aquifers, urban expansion, and the explosive growth of artificial intelligence, the stability of states will increasingly depend on their capacity to secure, produce, control, and protect water.
Through an approach that combines geopolitics, economics, hydrology, technology, and international strategy, the work analyzes how water scarcity is silently reconfiguring the foundations of global power. The book contends that future sovereignty will no longer be measured only by territory, military strength, or industrial production, but by the ability to guarantee hydrological stability in a world subjected to climatic tensions and growing demands.
The work examines the emergence of a new architecture of scarcity driven by five major forces: global food demand, industrial and digital expansion, extreme urbanization, the financialization of water, and hydro-strategic competition between states. From the water footprint of food production to the silicon thirst caused by data centers and artificial intelligence, the book reveals how water has become the hidden limit of economic and technological growth.
Riemann also explores the new frontiers of water engineering: massive desalination, atmospheric harvesting, deep aquifer extraction, satellite hydrological intelligence, and predictive systems capable of transforming water into an instrument of geopolitical power. In this new scenario, whoever controls the infrastructure, data, and energy necessary to produce water also controls regional stability.
The work traverses some of the planet's primary epicenters of water tension. The Middle East appears as the laboratory of artificial sovereignty based on desalination. The Himalayas are presented as the great water tower of Asia and a future axis of strategic rivalry between nuclear powers. The United States reveals its own internal fractures through the depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer and the Colorado River crisis. Europe and Africa show how water stress is already connected to migration, state fragility, and political pressure.
In addition to studying transboundary conflicts, critical infrastructures, and hybrid threats, the book analyzes the transformation of water into a financial asset class and a central element of social stability. Concepts such as water apartheid, hydro-hegemony, the securitization of water, or post-hydro-hegemony are integrated into an analytical framework that connects technology, power, and survival.
Far from being limited to a catastrophic vision, The Water Gap proposes a strategic reading of the future.
