Origen, Desarrollo y Naturaleza de Los Intereses
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Luego de casi tres cuartos de siglo de investigación se desconoce cuál es el origen, desarrollo y naturaleza psicológica de los intereses (Swanson & Gore, 2000). Presentamos una teoría, y evidencia empírica de la misma, que responde estas preguntas. Como punto de partida, tratamos de explicar los tres aspectos esenciales de los intereses: cognitivo, afectivo y conductual. Desde la infancia creamos conceptos clasificatorios a base de la naturaleza de las actividades. Esto es una manera de organizar la realidad que percibimos. Así surgen los conceptos clasificatorios de los intereses artísticos, manuales, sociales y otros. En otras palabras, desde el punto de vista cognitivo, el origen y desarrollo de los intereses es parte del origen y desarrollo del sistema conceptual. Cada persona nace con un patrón particular de necesidades psicológicas. Satisfacemos las necesidades de competencia, autonomía y afiliación realizando con éxito, actividades apropiadas a cada necesidad. (Por ejemplo, la necesidad de competencia se satisface al realizar actividades mediante las cuales la persona aprende a dominar su ambiente físico y social). De todas las clases de actividades que percibimos (artísticas, manuales, etc.), desarrollamos interés en aquellas que pueden satisfacer necesidades, para las que creemos tener la capacidad y son adecuadas según nuestro sexo, características físicas y sociales. Una vez se desarrolla el interés por un tipo de actividad, realizar dicha actividad se convierte en una necesidad. En otras palabras, los intereses son necesidades autónomas (Allport, 1937). Los intereses son los tipos de actividades que preferimos realizar para satisfacer nuestras necesidades psicológicas. O sea, los intereses son los "apetitos psicológicos" con los cuales satisfacemos nuestras necesidades. Existe la urgencia de realizar las actividades que son apropiadas a cada necesidad psicológica. Desde el punto de vista conductual de los intereses, necesitamos realizar las actividades que nos agradan, evitar las que nos desagradan y realizar las que nos son indiferentes solamente cuando hay algún incentivo o castigo. El libro discute cómo surgen en conjunto estos tres aspectos de los intereses y se evolucionan como parte del desarrollo humano.
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