Part I Practices that Inhibit Invention, Discovery, and Innovation and the Development of Science and Technology.- 1 Authority: Experts and Consensus as Barriers to Invention, Discovery, and Innovation.- 2 Authority: Government’s Science and Technology Policy and its Consequences as Barriers to Invention, Discovery, and Innovation.- 3 Authority: Expert Opinion, Consensus, and its Consequences as Barriers to Invention, Discovery, and Innovation.- 4 Authority: Spurious Execution of Experiments, Analysis of Data, and Interpretation of Data, that Leads to Spurious Conclusions as Barriers to Invention, Discovery, and Innovation.- Part II Practices that Promote Invention, Discovery, and Innovation in Science and Technology.- 5 Practices that Promote Invention, Discovery, and Innovation in Science and Technology: Curiosity, Skepticism, Critical Thinking, Risk-taking, and Interdisciplinary Education.- 6 Why These Medical Devices Received Widespread Clinical Acceptance While Many Other Promising Devices Failed to do so?.- Part III The Human Eye: A Window to the World.- 7 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Eye.- 8 The Human Visual System (Eye and Brain).- 9 Optical Properties of the Human Eye.- Part IV Eye-to-Eye: Observing the Human Eye, Visual Optical Instruments.- 11 Goldmann’s Slit Lamp Microscopy, Focal Illumination, and Optical Sectioning.- 12 Scheimpflug and His Camera.- 13 Maurice and His Specular Microscope.- Part V Detector-to-Eye: New Technology for Imaging the Human Eye.- 14 The Confocal Microscope.- 15 The Fundus Camera, Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography.- 16 The Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO).- 17 Optical Aberrations and Adaptive Optics (AO).- 18 Optical Low-Coherence Tomography (OCT).- 19 The Importance of Responsible Conduct of Research.- Index.
Professor Barry R. Masters has received a PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, an MS degree from Florida State University, and a BS from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York. Professor Masters was Visiting Scientist in the Department of Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Visiting Scholar in the History of Science Department at Harvard University, Visiting Professor in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Bern, and Professor in Anatomy and Cell Biology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. He was a Visiting Professor in Japan, India, Australia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Turkey, Wales, England, P. R. China, and Egypt. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), OPTICA, formerly called the Optical Society of America (OSA), and the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE). From 1999 to 2000 Professor Masters was an AAAS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellow and served as Legislative Assistant at the United States Congress. He is a recipient of the Vogt Prize for Ophthalmic Research (highest Swiss award for research in ophthalmology) with Professor Dr. Matthias Böhnke in 1999 for their work on "Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea." Professor Masters has published 87 refereed papers, 143 book chapters and proceedings articles, 105 abstracts, and 269 book reviews. He presented 416 invited lectures. He is the editor or author of 11 books, including Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, Confocal Microscopy and Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy: The Genesis of Live Cell Imaging, Handbook of Biomedical Nonlinear Optical Microscopy (with Professor Peter T. C. So), and Superresolution Optical Microscopy, The Quest for Enhanced Resolution and Contrast that was published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG (2020). This book has been accessed 36,000 times (May 1, 2025). He wrote the essay "What Is Light?" (translated into 15 languages) for the International Commission for Optics (ICO) to inaugurate the International Year of Light, 2015. He lectures worldwide on the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR), biomedical ethics, critical thinking, and biomedical photonics. His scholarly interests include developments in the fields of in vivo microscopy of the human eye and skin, biomedical imaging and spectroscopy, fractal analysis of branching patterns in the human retinal vasculature, ethics in science and medicine, the history of 19th and 20th century physics, science education, and the nexus of art, optics, and human visual science.
