Biochemie Der Ernährung
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Der Stoffwechsel ist eines der auffälligsten Phänomene des Lebendigen. Jedes Lebewesen nimmt Substanzen aus seiner Umgebung auf und gibt andere Sub- stanzen wiederum an die Umgebung ab. Chemische Stoffe werden von einem lebenden Organismus hauptsächlich aus zwei Gründen aufgenommen: um 1. die eigene, lebende Substanz aus ihnen aufzubauen und 2. die für den Betrieb des Organismus benötigte Energie aus ihnen zu gewinnen. Denn jeder tierische Organismus bezieht seine Energie durch Umwandlung energiereicher Stoffe zu energiearmen Reaktionsprodukten. Er lebt demnach von> chemischer Energie. Abgegeben werden von einem Organismus die Umwandlungsprodukte oder solche Stoffe, die auf Grund ihrer Energiearmut nicht als Energiequelle verwendet werden, oder aber die wegen ihrer chemischen Struktur nicht als Bausteine der lebenden Substanz oder zu irgendeinem anderen Zweck dienen können. Der Organismus ist keine Wärmekraftmaschine. Der Anteil an Energie, der im Organismus als Wärme anfällt, ist verlorene Energie, die nicht für nutzbringende Arbeit verwendet werden kann. Beim. Vergleich verschiedener Nährstoffe als Energielieferanten kann dies nicht auf der Basis ihrer Brennwerte geschehen, sondern nur auf der Basis der Anzahl energiereicher Phosphatbindungen, die bei ihrem Abbau im Organismus entstehen. Entscheidend für die energetische Be- urteilung eines Nährstoffes ist es demnach, wieviel kcal (kJ) zugeführt werden müssen, um die Synthese von 1 Mol energiereichem Phosphat zu ermöglichen. Tab. 1: Nährstoffe als Energiequelle (nach Bässler 69) Glucose Tristearat Myosin Äthanol kcal/Mol ATP 17,7 18,1 21,3 18,1 Relativ zu Glucose 100% 97,7% 83% 97,7% Im internationalen Einheitensystem wurde die Calorie durch das Joule ersetzt.
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