Primäre Dickdarmanastomosen Bei Peritonitis: Eine Kontraindikation?
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1 Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Darmnaht Yom friihen Mittelalter bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts sind nur vereinzelt Versuche bekannt, Darmwunden mit chirurgischen Methoden zu heilen. Die Praktiken muten heute abenteuerlich an. Wie Ubersichtsarbeiten von Frey [68], Dunphy [51], Ravitch [189] und Fraser [67] zu entnehmen ist, wurden zur Behandlung von Darmwunden tierische Luftrohren, Holunder- zylinder, perforierte Kartoffelscheiben, zusammengerollte Kartenbllltter, Zylinder aus Fischleim oder Talg und dgl. mehr in das Darmlumen eingelegt und dariiber die Darmwund- rander meist mit einer Kiirschnernaht adaptiert. Erst zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts sind die Methoden der Darmnaht durch Tierexperi- mente auf eine wissenschaftliche Basis gebracht worden. 1812 erkannte Travers [237a] anhand der Beobachtungen von Spontanverlaufen nach Darmvedetzungen durch Stichwaffen, die er durch tierexperimentelle Studien bestatigt sah, d diese Wunden unter Verklebung der Serosaflachen spontan heilen konnten. Jobert (zitiert nach [68]) fOOrte 1824 als erster eine Darmvereinigung mit Apposition der Serosa durch, indem er den zufOOrenden Darmschenkel so in den abfOOrenden invaginierte, d beide Serosaflachen Kontakt hatten. 1826 verOffentliche Lembert in Paris eine in Tier- experimenten entwickelte Naht, die die Grundlage fur fast alle heute noch iiblichen Metho- den schuf. Beide Wundrander wurden gegen das Darmlumen zu umgebogen und in dieser SteHung durch einreihige Einzelknopfniihte adaptiert. Urn den Kontaktmit dem infektiosen Darminhalt zu vermeiden, f te die "Lembert-Naht" nur die Serosa und die Muskelschicht. Obwohl Lembert [152a] seine Nahttechnik nie am Menschen erprobte, gilt seither auch ftir die Darmnaht am Menschen als Prinzip, d eine Anastomose nur durch Invagination mit breitem Kontakt der Serosa heilen kann.
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