Zur Modulation Der Kosmischen Strahlung
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1.1 Kurze Beschreibung der beobachteten Modulationseffekte Unter der Modulation der galaktischen Kosmischen Strahlung (K. -S. ) versteht man deren zeitliche Intensitätsänderung unter der elektromagnetischen Wirkung der von der Sonne emittierten Plasmawolken. Die wichtigsten Modulationserscheinungen sind: 1) Ein Modulationseffekt mit etwa 11-jähriger Periodendauer (Langzeiteffekt). Die Intensität der Kosmischen Strahlung ändert sich dabei nahezu antiparallel zur mittleren Son- nenfleckenzahl, die ein rohes Ma für die Stärke der Plasmaemission der Sonne ist. Polstationen beobachten in der Neutronen-Sekundärkomponente zwischen Sonnenflecken-Minimum und -Maxi- mum einen Intensitätsunterschied von etwa 20 -25%. Der entsprechende Intensitätsunterschied in der Mesonenkomponente beträgt 4 -5%. 2) Der sogenannte Forbush-Effekt (F.-E.) Forbush-Effekte werden beobachtet, wenn eine solare Plasmawolke die Erde umströmt und ein- hüllt. Hierbei fällt die Intensität der K. -S. über einige Stunden hinweg steil ab. Bei starken F. -E. beträgt in polaren Breiten der gesamte Intensitätsabfall in der Neutronenkomponente 10 - 15% des Ausgangswertes (gegenüber 5 -7% in der Mesonenkomponente). Der anschlie ende Intensitätsanstieg zum Ausgangswert erstreckt sich über mehrere Tage. 3) Tagesgänge Es handelt sich um Intensitätsschwankungen mit etwa eintägiger Periode, deren Grö e in der Neu- tronen-und Mesonenintensität in mittleren geomagnetischen Breiten einige Prozent des Tagesmit- telwertes ausmacht. Tagesgänge entstehen auf Grund der Erdrotation, falls die Modulation der K. -S. von der Erde aus gesehen nicht völlig isotrop erfolgt, so da aus einem Bereich des inter- planetaren Raumes mehr Partikel zur Erde kommen als aus den übrigen.
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