Diffusion in Metallen: Platzwechselreaktionen
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Zu einem bekannten Vorlesungsversuch wird eine Lösung von Kupfersulfat mit reinem Wasser überschichtet und das Ganze sich selbst überlassen. Zunächst besteht zwischen der blauen Lösung und dem Wasser eine scharfe Grenze. Schon nach wenigen Tagen lä t sich ein Vordringen der blauen Farbe des Kupfersulfates nach oben, also dem Schwerefeld entgegen, beobachten. Diese Erscheinung bezeichnen wir als Diffusion. Jedes flüssige System, das aus mischbaren Kom- ponenten besteht und sich in einem abgeschlossenen Raume konstanter 'l'emperatur befindet, strebt nach dem Ausgleich der Konzentration. Es wird nun häufig angenommen, da der Ausgleich verschiedener Konzentrationen und ein damit verbundener Energiegewinn die ein- zige treibende Kraft der Diffusion sei. Das ist jedoch nicht so, wie sich an einem Gedankenexperimt:: nt leicht zeigen lä t. Man stellt sich ein Gefä vor, in dem sich eine Salzlösung befindet, deren Konzentration an allen Stellen die gleiche ist. Durch eine Scheidewand wird dieses Gefä in zwei gleich gro e Räume 1 und 2 geteilt. Wir nehmen nun weiter an, wir könnten die gelösten Ionen sehen und diejenigen kenn- zeichnen, die sich im Raume 1 befinden. Da sich alle Ionen in völlig regelloser Wärmebewegung befinden, werden sie, nachdem wir die Zwischenwand entfernt haben, auch von einem Raume in den anderen übertreten. Nach einer bestimmten Zeit werden durchschnittlich je die Hälfte der gekennzeichneten Ionen in den Räumen 1 und 2 sein. Mit dem Eintreten des Konzentrationsausgleiches hört demnaC'h die Dif- fusion nicht auf, sondern sie entzieht sich nur der unmittelbaren Be- obachtung.
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