"Ad exterminationem haereticorum" - Mittelalterliche Ketzerbekämpfung im Zeitalter des Albigenserkreuzzuges und der Anfänge des päpstlichen Inquisitio
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Examensarbeit aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Geschichte Europas - Mittelalter, Frühe Neuzeit, Note: 1,5, Universität zu Köln (Historisches Seminar I), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Im 13. Jahrhundert sah sich die Kirche mit den neuen religiösen Bewegungen der Katharer und Waldenser einer ernsthaften Gefahr ausgesetzt, da diese Strömungen den kirchlichen Ordo in seinem Grundwesen in Frage stellten. Da das 11. Jahrhundert wenig von häretischen Bewegungen geprägt war, konnte man auf das Auftauchen als häretisch erscheinender Laienbewegungen nicht reagieren, was auch dazu führte, dass spätantike Bezeichnungen auf die neuen Ketzereien projiziert wurden, ohne dass man sich mit den Inhalten und den Lehren des neuen Phänomens näher beschäftigte. Somit fehlte ebenfalls ein grundlegendes Dogma der katholischen Kirche hinsichtlich eines orthodoxen Glaubens. Zwar wurden durch das Decretum Gratiani und die beiden Laterankonzilien von 1139 und 1179 grundsätzliche Kriterien zur Bestimmung der Heterodoxie festgelegt, doch gab es keine einheitlichen Kriterien für die Abgrenzung der Häresie von der Orthodoxie. Erst mit der Promulgation der päpstlichen Dekretale Ad abolendam 1184 wurden erste häretische Namen schriftlich fixiert, doch wurden durch den weiterhin im Unklaren gelassenen Begriff der Häresie Bewegungen, die sich deutlich von der der Katharer abgrenzten, in die Ketzerei getrieben und fortan unter die Häretiker gezählt. Durch die Bestimmung, den weltlichen Arm zur Eindämmung der Ketzergefahr hinzuziehen, wurde der Grundstein für die 50 Jahre später einsetzende Institutionalisierung der Inquisition gelegt.
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