"Angriffswahlkampf" und "Negative Campaigning": Negative Wahlkampagnen in Deutschland und den USA im Vergleich
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Medien / Kommunikation - Medien und Politik, Pol. Kommunikation, Note: 1,0, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (Institut für Publizistik), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In den USA hat Negative Campaigning, das Wahlkampfmittel, welches in erster Linie das Ziel hat den politischen Gegner zu diskreditieren, einen festen Platz in Forschung und Praxis. Schon sehr früh begann sich die amerikanische Kommunikationswissenschaft für das Thema zu interessieren und zudem gehört das Negative Campaigning zum Standardrepertoire der Wahlkämpfer in fast jedem Wahlkampf - vom lokalen Wettstreit um den Platz im Schulkomitee bis hin zum Rennen um die Präsidentschaft. In Deutschland hingegen wird der "Angriffswahlkampf", wie das gleiche Phänomen hier oft genannt wird, geradezu stiefmütterlich behandelt. Die Forschung hat sich bis dato kaum mit der Thematik befasst und die Wahlkämpfer scheinen vergleichsweise zögerlich den politischen Gegner direkt anzugreifen. Immer wieder ist in der öffentlichen Diskussion zu hören, Negative Campaigning sei gefährlich, da grundsätzlich ein "Bumerangeffekt", also das Zurückschlagen auf den Urheber der Negativkampagne zu erwarten sei1. Tatsächlich ist das Negative Campaigning in deutschen Wahlkämpfen deutlich weniger verbreitet als in den USA. Die Frage, die sich stellt, lautet demnach: Warum wird Negative Campaining in Deutschland seltener eingesetzt als in den Vereinigten Staaten? Ist das politische System, bzw. das Parteiensystem verantwortlich? Sind die Unterschiede im Mediensystem entscheidend? Oder ist es eine Folge der unterschiedlichen politischen Kultur? Die vorliegende Arbeit wird auf Grundlage der bisherigen Forschung untersuchen, ob manche dieser Hypothesen für wahrscheinlicher gehalten werden können als andere. Ziel soll es sein, eine Aussage darüber treffen zu können, welche der Hypothesen in Zukunft einer genaueren empirischen Untersuchung unterzogen werden sollten. Zu diesem Zweck wird im ers
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