Biocombustibles: Proálcool y Flex
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A comienzos del siglo XXI, los biocombustibles se han convertido en una solución obligatoria para seguir disponiendo de energía para el transporte -prioritariamente-, pero existen desde hace muchos años (más de lo que uno podría imaginar) (Description in English below).
Por supuesto, la producción de biocombustibles es ventajosa también para los servicios, para la economía y, con mayor protagonismo, para el medio ambiente. En este contexto, los países que cuentan con un desarrollo agropecuario sostenible son aquellos que mayores posibilidades tienen de producir biocombustibles. Veamos por qué. Previo al desarrollo industrial -y de formas que en la actualidad pueden parecer hasta irrisorias- el ser humano utilizaba animales, vegetales, y las fuerzas del viento y del agua para obtener la energía necesaria para producir calor, luz y también para transportarse. Pero una vez que la energía almacenada en los recursos fósiles se convirtió en la fuente más requerida, tanto el petróleo como el carbón mineral y el gas natural se transformaron en los combustibles ideales para seguir evolucionando y mejorar la calidad de vida. A diferencia de los combustibles fósiles, que provienen de la energía almacenada durante muchísimo tiempo a partir de los restos de plantaciones y animales muertos que se encuentran enterrados en los suelos, los biocombustibles proceden de la biomasa -o materia orgánica- de origen vegetal o animal (incluidos los residuos y desechos orgánicos), que puede ser aprovechada energéticamente. La biomasa es una fuente de energía renovable y su producción es mucho más rápida que la formación de combustibles fósiles. Entre los cultivos posibles que se pueden utilizar para la elaboración de biocombustibles están los de alto tenor de carbohidratos, como la caña de azúcar y el maíz; las plantas oleaginosas, como la soja, el girasol y la palma; y las esencias forestales, como el eucalipto y los pinos. En algunos países industrializados se han desplegado importantes programas de desarrollo a escala industrial y logística, y por eso, desde finales del siglo xx, la gran mayoría de la energía que se utiliza -sobre todo para transportarnos- contiene un porcentaje cada vez mayor de biocombustibles agregados a la gasolina y al diésel. Son ejemplos los sistemas Proálcool y Flex. Es difícil saber si los biocombustibles son la energía del futuro porque su producción tiene aún algunas cuestiones sociales, políticas, alimentarias y, aunque suene contradictorio, también medioambientales que no terminan de unificar su regulación a escala global. Lo que sí sabemos es que son una realidad, una alternativa viable para sustituir definitivamente los combustibles fósiles y que cada día están más presentes en nuestras vidas. Description in English: The generation of energy from renewable raw materials seems to provide a solution to global warming, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the health of the planet. Transportation is one of the primary sources of pollution and the world powers itself with petroleum derivatives, but can it do it with biofuels? What are the possible applications, advantages and disadvantages of bioethanol and biodiesel? How do large companies evolve to achieve sustainability? What are the Proálcool and Flex systems?• Author(s): Clear | James • Publisher: Penguin • Publisher Imprint: Penguin Random House • Subject: General Books
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