Carta atenagórica y Respuesta a sor Filotea
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La Carta Atenagórica fue escrita en noviembre de 1690 por sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Es un ejercicio de reflexión, elaborado a partir de la lectura de un sermón del padre Antonio Vieira, S. J.
La carta fue enviada al obispo de Puebla, Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz. Este la publicó en 1690 sin que se conozcan los motivos que lo llevaron a ello.
En el prólogo a tal obra, firmada como Sor Filotea de la Cruz (el obispo Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz), aparte de los elogios de rigor, también le hacía un reproche a Sor Juana:
el de no dedicar su talento a la teología, en vez de limitarse a obras literarias más o menos profanas.
Como defensa ante las reacciones y ataques originados por la publicación de la Carta atenagórica, sor Juana se apresuró a escribir su Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz (1691).
De la Respuesta a Sor Filotea, interesa destacar tres aspectos que la convierten en una obra singular:
es autobiográfica (se describe la trayectoria intelectual de la autora, con sus progresos, problemas y obstáculos que ha tenido que vencer por ser mujer y la defensa de la educación de las mujeres y su derecho a comentar e interpretar cualquier texto religioso)
es polémica (se defiende de los ataques)
y es erudita (abundan las referencias y citas, como no podía ser menos, de autoridades clásicas y cristianas).
Según Octavio Paz en su ensayo Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz o Las trampas de la fe (1982):
la preeminencia alcanzada por sor Juana ofendía a muchos prelados; todos ellos eran sus superiores y casi todos presumían de teólogos, literatos y poetas. La monja encarnaba una excepción doble e insoportable: la de su sexo y la de su superioridad intelectual.
Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo (1856-1912). Espana. Estudio en la Universidad de Barcelona (1871-1873) con Mila y Fontanals, en la de Madrid (1873), y en Valladolid (1874), donde hizo amistad con el ultraconservador Gurmesindo Laverde, que lo aparto de su liberalismo. Trabajo en las bibliotecas de Portugal, Italia, Francia, Belgica y Holanda (1876-1877) y ejercio de catedratico de la Universidad de Madrid (1878). En 1880 fue elegido miembro de la Real Academia Espanola, diputado a Cortes entre 1884 y 1892 y fue director de la Real Academia de la Historia. Al final de su vida recupero su liberalismo inicial.
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