Constitucion de los Estados Unidos de America
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La Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América es la ley suprema de ese paÃs. Se adoptó en su forma original el 17 de septiembre de 1787 por la Convención Constitucional de Filadelfia. Luego el pueblo la ratificó en convenciones en cada estado, bajo el célebre Nosotros el Pueblo (We the People).
Esta Constitución tiene un lugar central en el derecho y la cultura polÃtica estadounidense y es la segunda constitución más antigua en vigor en todo el mundo. La firmaron George Washington y William Jackson, como presidente y secretario respectivamente, junto con los delegados de los distintos estados. Entre los elementos que la distinguen cabe destacar que:
Contiene las leyes fundamentales de la nación.
Establece la forma del gobierno nacional y define los derechos y libertades del pueblo estadounidense.
Expone también los objetivos del gobierno nacional y los métodos para alcanzarlos.
Antes de ella, los dirigentes de la nación habÃan concertado una alianza entre los estados bajo el nombre de ArtÃculos de la Confederación. Sin embargo, el Congreso creado por los ArtÃculos carecÃa de autoridad para hacer que los estados actuasen en forma conjunta a la hora de resolver los problemas nacionales.
Era necesario un documento constitucional que regulase la actuación y los principios de unidad entre los Estados Unidos de América estableciendo un sistema federal por medio de la división de poderes entre el gobierno federal y los gobiernos estatales.
En términos formales esta Constitución se compone de un preámbulo, siete artÃculos y 27 enmiendas. Se instituye también un gobierno federal equilibrado, separando los poderes entre tres ramas independientes: la ejecutiva, la legislativa y la judicial.
La rama ejecutiva, el Presidente, hace que las leyes nacionales sean cumplidas;
la rama legislativa, el Congreso, elabora las leyes nacionales;
y la rama judicial, la Corte Suprema y otros tribunales federales, aplica e interpreta las leyes cuando resuelve las disputas legales en los tribunales federales.
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