Dendrochronologische Betrachtung der Jahresringe verschiedener Nadelbäume auf den Marburger Lahnbergen
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Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: Die Dendrochronologie beschäftigt sich mit der Datierung und Ableitung vergangener Ereignisse durch die Analyse von Jahrringbreiten und -mustern. Hierbei steht die Altersbestimmung von Hölzern im Vordergrund, von wesentlicher und zunehmender Bedeutung sind aber auch die Teilgebiete Dendroklimatologie und Dendroökologie. Die Bestimmung des Alters erfolgt durch Vergleich der Jahresringe der zu datierenden Probe mit Ringen bekannten Alters (genaueres im folgenden Kapitel). Die angewandte Dendrochronologie ist die derzeit einzige Methode, die eine jahrgenaue Datierung ermöglicht. Die Anwendungsgebiete der dendrochronologischen Altersbestimmung sind vielfältig: So erlaubt z.B. verbautes Holz die Rekonstruktion von Hausbau- und Siedlungsgeschichte in historischer und prähistorischer Zeit; antike Bilderrahmen und Möbel sind wertvolle Informationsträger für die Datierung in der Kunstgeschichte und selbst die Kriminalistik kann in manchen Fällen ihren Nutzen aus der jahrringanalytischen Altersbestimmung ziehen. Erwähnenswert ist die Eichung der Radiocarbondatierung durch die Dendrochronologie. Die rein theoretische Basis der Radiocarbonmethode, bestehend in der Annahme eines Gleichgewichtszustandes zwischen Bildungs- und Zerfallsrate des instabilen Kohlenstoffisotops i4C bei einer Halbwertszeit von 5570 Jahren, musste durch jahrringanalytische Absolutdatierungen korrigiert werden: Die Abnahme der 14C-Konzentration in abgestorbenen Geweben verläuft wider Erwarten nicht völlig linear, woraus z.T. ma gebliche Fehler in Datierung und Geschichtsschreibung resultierten. Auch in der Klimatologie wird die Jahrringforschung zur Klärung zahlreicher Fragestellungen herangezogen. Insbesondere ist hier die zeitliche Rückwärtsverlängerung der meteorologischen Aufzeichnungen zu erwähnen. Diese erlaubt die Relativierung unserer neuzeitlich gemessenen Klimadaten und kann so wesentlich zum Verständnis langfristiger Klimaschwankungen und -entwicklungen beitragen.
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