Der klassische Utilitarismus nach J. S. Mill und der effektive Altruismus im Vergleich. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Praktische (Ethik, Ästhetik, Kultur, Natur, Recht, ...), Note: 1,7, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Utilitarismus, der vornehmlich auf Jeremy Bentham und John Stuart Mill zurückgeht, ist wohl eine der bedeutendsten Moralphilosophien der westlichen Neuzeit. Auch heute noch hat das utilitaristische Denken immensen Einfluss auf unser Leben. Benthams und Mills Ideen haben schlie lich längst Einzug in Politik, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und viele andere Bereiche unseres Lebens gefunden und vielerorts zu Wohlstand und Fortschritt geführt. Nichtsdestotrotz steht der Utilitarismus auch immer wieder stark in der Kritik. Man wirft dem Utilitarismus beispielsweise vor, der Wert des Lebens sei innerhalb dieser Ethik nicht hinreichend geschützt. Designerbabys in der Medizin, die dazu führen, dass immer weniger Kinder mit Behinderung geboren werden oder militärische Einsätze, die sogenannte "Kollateralschäden" legitimieren, sind nur zwei Beispiele von vielen, bei denen der Utilitarismus auf starke Vorbehalte stö t. Aktuell polarisiert eine Philosophie und soziale Bewegung namens effektiver Altruismus sehr stark in den Medien. Dieser möchte das Leben möglichst vieler empfindungsfähiger Wesen verbessern und scheint in einer utilitaristischen Tradition zu stehen. Wie der genaue Zusammenhang zwischen dem klassischen Utilitarismus und dem effektiven Altruismus allerdings aussieht, ist bisher kaum erforscht. Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit soll es daher sein, zu ermitteln, in welchem Zusammenhang der Utilitarismus von J. S. Mill und der effektive Altruismus stehen. Dazu sollen zunächst beide Theorien ausführlich beschrieben werden und jeweils gängige Kritikpunkte dargelegt werden. In einem evaluativen Teil folgt dann ein ausführlicher Vergleich beider Theorien, durch den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede aufgezeigt werden sollen und der mit einer kritischen Würdigung abschlie t. Es wird sich herausstellen, dass der e
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