Der klassische Utilitarismus und sein Nutzenbegriff
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 1999 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Praktische (Ethik, Ästhetik, Kultur, Natur, Recht, ...), Note: sehr gut, Universität Leipzig, Veranstaltung: Seminar, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Der Utilitarismus ist eine ethische Theorie, die eine Handlung danach beurteilt, ob sie im Vergleich zu anderen Handlungsalternativen eine möglichst gro e Zahl positiver Werte hervorbringt. Der ethische Wert hängt davon ab, ob bzw. inwiefern diese Handlung die Anzahl der positiven Werte nichtmoralischer Art, wie Glück, Reichtum und Gesundheit, zu vermehren vermag. Vereinfacht ausgedrückt, hängt der Wert einer Handlung von deren Nutzen ab. Das Interesse und die Aufregung um die utilitaristische Ethik - eigentlich eine Familie von Theorien mit gleicher Kernthese - ist allen Anfeindungen und Kritiken zum Trotz nie zum Erliegen gekommen. Worin liegt das Geheimnis dieses Erfolges? Es liegt zu einem nicht unbedeutendem Teil in der Uminterpretierung des zentralen Begriffes: des Nutzenbegriffes. Diese Uminterpretierung ist dabei durchaus keine Errungenschaft des Utilitarismus; er hat sich lediglich zunutzen gemacht, was zur Verteidigung empirischer Thesen bereits erprobt worden war. Die Kernthese, die vereinfacht ausgedrückt aussagt, dass "das grö te Glück der grö ten Zahl"7 zu erreichen das Ziel menschlichen Handelns ist, wird durch eine umfangreiche Menge an Hilfshypothesen und genaueren Aussagen umhüllt, unterstützt und verteidigt. Diese Hülle ist sozusagen der Schutzgürtel, der alle Angriffe auf den Kern abfängt und dabei selber ständiger Veränderung unterworfen ist. Diese Veränderungen sind notwendig, weil im Verlauf der Zeit ständig neue Erkenntnisse hinzugewonnen werden, die die ursprünglichen Ansichten aus einem stets neuen Blickwinkel betrachten. Will sich eine Theorie nicht als statisch und somit früher oder später als nicht mehr zeitgemä erweisen, so muss sie wiederholt modifiziert werden. Der Utilitarismus hat sich hierin als überaus hartnäckig erwiesen. O
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