Die Entwicklung Regelbarer Permanentmagnetischer Elektronenlinsen Hoher Brechkraft Und Eines Mit Ihnen Ausgerüsteten Elektronenmikroskopes Neuer Bauar
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Von den ungefähr 1 300 Elektronenmikroskopen, die zur Zeit auf der Erde in Betrieb sein dürften, arbeiten fast alle mit magnetischen Polschuhlin- sen und nur etwa 60 mit elektrostatischen Dreielektrodenlinsen. Innerhalb der ersten Gruppe hinwiederum wird bei fast allen Geräten das Magnetfeld mittels stromdurchflossener Linsen und nur bei etwa 50 Geräten mittels Permanentmagneten erzeugt. Während von verschiedenen Arbeitsstätten in Firmen und akademischen Instituten gro e und erfolgreiche Anstrengungen gemacht worden sind, die elektromagnetischen und die elektrostatischen Linsen bis zu ihrer höchsten Leistung zu entwickeln, so da heute über diese beiden Prinzipien ein gesichertes Erfahrungsgut vorliegt, bietet die permanentmagnetische oder - wie sie häufig genannt wird - magnetosta- tische Linse noch zahlreiche ungelöste Probleme. Wohl ist dieser Linsen- typ kürzlich in Amerika und Japan für die oben genannten kommerziellen Instrumente verwendet worden, jedoch handelt es sich hierbei nur um Elektronenmikroskope sehr geringer optischer Leistung, d. h. kleiner, nicht regelbarer Gesamtvergrö erung und geringen Auflösungsvermögens. Wir waren demgegenüber von vornherein der Auffassung, da man nach dem magnetostatischen Prinpzip auch Hochleistungs-Objektive und -Projektive bauen und deren Brechkraft regeln kann. Zudem glauben wir, da die magneto- statische Linse insbesondere für Gebrauchs-Elektronenmikroskope wesent- liche Vorteile bietet. Daher haben wir uns seit 1942 mit diesem Lins- typ näher beschäftigt und seit 1948 im Rheinisch-Westfälischen Institut für Übermikroskopie, Düsseldorf, die im folgenden geschilderten Arbeiten zum Studium und zur Entwicklung der permanentmagnetischen Linsen durch- geführt.
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