Die Persönlichkeits- und Entwicklungstheorie nach Freud und die Entwicklung nach Margaret Mahler
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 1999 im Fachbereich Psychologie - Entwicklungspsychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Rehabilitationswissenschaften), Veranstaltung: Seminar: Entwicklungspsychologie bei verhaltensgestörten Kindern, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die grundlegenden Annahmen der psychoanalytischen Entwicklungstheorie gehen fast ausschlie lich auf Sigmund Freud zurück. Die Psychoanalyse, die um die Jahrhundertwende von Sigmund Freud begründet wurde, stellt vor allem eine Lehre von bewu ten und unbewu ten psychischen Vorgängen dar wie Gefühle, Wünsche, Träume und Denkprozesse. An entwicklungspsychologischen Problemen war Freud nicht primär interessiert, seine entwicklungspsychologischen Vorstellungen entstanden erst im Rahmen klinischer Fragestellungen. Er war nicht in erster Linie ein Entwicklungspsychologe, sondern ein Therapeut und Persönlichkeitspsychologe, der die Zustände der Erwachsenenpersönlichkeit verstehen wollte und so zur Entwicklungspsychologie kam. Er sah sich bei der Behandlung neurotischer Erwachsener dazu aufgefordert, bei seinen Patienten die Entwicklungsgeschichte bis in die frühe Kindheit zurückzuverfolgen, um die beobachteten psychischen Störungen zu verstehen. Zwangsläufig mu te er sich auch mit der frühkindlichen Sexualität beschäftigen, denn neurotische Symptome waren für ihn ein Ausdruck von inadäquater Verarbeitung sexueller Triebregungen. So erkannte er auch, da die sexuelle Entwicklung nicht erst mit der Pubertät beginnt, sondern da bereits in den ersten Lebensjahren bei Kindern sexuelle Regungen beobachtet werden können. Au erdem erkannte er, da die frühkindliche Entwicklung für die gesamte Persönlichkeitsentwicklung eine herausragende Bedeutung hat. Im Laufe der ersten sechs Lebensjahre sind nach Freud alle Grundthemen des menschlichen Zusammenlebens, wie Liebe, Gehorsam, Besitz usw. angeklungen, und die erste Vereinigung aller Sexualtriebe ist bis dahin erfolgt. Die Richtung der weiteren Persönlichkeitsentwicklung ist somit
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