Discours de la Méthode (French Edition)
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Le Discours de la méthode (sous-titré Pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences) est un texte philosophique publié anonymement par René Descartes à Leyde le 8 juin 1637. Dans les premières éditions, ce discours servait d'introduction à trois traités scientifiques mettant en application cette méthode: La Dioptrique, Les Météores et La Géométrie. Pour Descartes, il s'agit d'en dire assez pour faire juger que les nouvelles opinions, qui se verraient dans la Dioptrique et dans les Météores, n'étaient point conçues à la légère . Toutefois, sa célébrité est devenue telle, qu'il est désormais souvent publié seul, comme un essai indépendant. Ce discours marque une rupture avec la tradition scolastique, jugée trop spéculative par Descartes, et se présente plutôt comme un plaidoyer pour une nouvelle fondation des sciences, sur des bases plus solides, et en faveur du progrès des techniques. Il a été rédigé directement en français, langue vulgaire, Descartes voulant par là s'opposer à la tradition scolastique (qui avait pour habitude d'écrire en latin) et s'adresser à un public plus large que les savants et les théologiens. Il souhaitait être compris des femmes et des enfants . Dans ce discours, Descartes expose son parcours intellectuel de façon rétrospective, depuis son regard critique porté sur les enseignements qu'il avait reçus à l'école, jusqu'à sa fondation d'une philosophie nouvelle quelques années plus tard. Il y propose aussi une méthode (composée de quatre règles) pour éviter l'erreur, et y développe une philosophie du doute, visant à reconstruire le savoir sur des fondements certains, en s'inspirant de la certitude exemplaire des mathématiques - la célèbre phrase je pense donc je suis (cogito, ergo sum), qui permet à Descartes de sortir du doute, lui servira à ce titre de premier principe. Par ailleurs, il y résume ses méditations sur l'âme et sur Dieu, dont il donnera une version beaucoup plus étendue dans les Méditations métaphysiques, quatre ans plus tard.
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