Discours sur la nécessité et les moyens de détruire l'esclavage dans les colonies: Une oeuvre pionnière de la lutte contre l'esclavisme (1788)
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Publi� � Bordeaux en 1788, ce Discours examine l'esclavage dans les colonies comme un "crime public" et cherche � concilier justice, int�r�t g�n�ral et int�r�t des propri�taires. Andr�-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat rappelle les arguments moraux contre la traite et l'asservissement, d�crit les violences et les effets sociaux du syst�me, et souligne aussi les risques politiques qu'entra�ne l'accroissement du nombre d'esclaves dans les �tablissements coloniaux. L'originalit� du texte tient � un programme d'abolition progressive, pens� depuis la r�alit� des colonies. L'auteur refuse l'affranchissement subit, qu'il juge dangereux pour la s�curit� des colonies et m�me pour le sort des esclaves. Il propose d'abord de garantir par la loi un p�cule: tout gain obtenu au-del� d'un travail "mod�r�" appartient � l'esclave. En six ou sept ans, ce p�cule doit permettre de r�unir une somme fix�e par la loi, �quivalant aux trois quarts de la valeur de l'esclave. En la versant au ma�tre, l'esclave acc�de � un premier degr� d'affranchissement: le "servage de gl�be". Attach� � une portion de terre ou � des travaux d�termin�s, il partage le produit de sa culture avec le propri�taire; les ouvriers re�oivent un salaire l�galement fix�. Le dispositif encadre aussi la vie familiale et la transmission des biens: un serf de gl�be peut ouvrir le m�me droit � sa femme; le montant varie selon le nombre d'enfants, et le p�cule devient h�r�ditaire. Faute d'h�ritiers, les gains reviennent � des fonds de charit� de la colonie. L'acc�s � la libert� compl�te ob�it � des conditions strictes (achat de terre, redevances, ou paiement compensant le travail d�), afin que la libert� soit le prix du travail et non d'un arbitraire. Soutenu par des notes et des calculs sur la production et le co�t du syst�me esclavagiste, ce Discours propose ainsi une voie graduelle pour "d�truire l'esclavage" sans ruiner la culture coloniale, en formant les futurs libres � la propri�t�, au travail et � des moeurs stables.
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