Ein Versuch über den menschlichen Verstand: Engl. Originaltitel: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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John Locke (1632-1704) war ein einflussreicher englischer Philosoph und Vordenker der Aufklärung. In seinem aus vier Büchern bestehenden Hauptwerk Ein Versuch über den menschlichen Verstand untersuchte Locke den Ursprung, die Gewissheit und den Umfang menschlichen Wissens in Abgrenzung zu Glauben, Meinen und Vermuten. Ausgangspunkt war einerseits Lockes scholastische Ausbildung in Oxford auf Basis des in England vorherrschenden Nominalismus. Andererseits hatte er sich in seinem vierjährigen Frankreichaufenthalt intensiv mit Descartes und dessen Vorstellung eingeborener Ideen auseinandergesetzt. Entsprechend untersuchte Locke im ersten Buch zunächst den Ursprung der Ideen und entwickelte eine Vielzahl pragmatischer Argumente zur Ablehnung eingeborener Ideen. Seine Grundthese lautete: Nihil est in intellectu quod non (prius) fuerit in sensibus (Nichts ist im Verstand, was nicht vorher in den Sinnen gewesen wäre). Das zweite Buch befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang der Ideen mit der Erfahrung. Das menschliche Bewusstsein ist bei der Geburt eine tabula rasa, auf das die Erfahrung erst schreibt. Ausgangspunkt der Erkenntnis ist die sinnliche Wahrnehmung. Allerdings war Locke kein Sensualist. Er unterschied äu ere Wahrnehmungen (sensations) und innere Wahrnehmungen (reflections). Der nächste Schritt ist im dritten Buch die Untersuchung der Rolle der Sprache, ihres Zusammenhangs mit den Ideen und ihre Bedeutung für das Wissen. Buch vier handelt schlie lich von den komplexen (zusammengefassten) Ideen, von den Grenzen des Wissens und dem Verhältnis von Begründung und Glauben. Locke kritisiert den ausschlie lichen Ansatz des Ex praecognitis et praeconcessis.
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