Erinnerungseffekte in Retrospektivbefragungen. Fragebogenkonstruktion zur Minimierung der Erinnerungsfehler
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich Soziologie - Methodologie und Methoden, Note: 1,3, Universität Leipzig (Institut für Soziologie), Veranstaltung: Seminar zur der quantitativ-orientierten, empirischen Bildungsforschung, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Für viele soziologische Forschungen ist es heutzutage notwendig, die individuellen Lebensverläufe der befragten Personen zu erfragen und auszuwerten. Diese Lebensverlaufsdaten werden in der Regel durch ein Interview mithilfe eines geschulten Interviewers erhoben, oder durch standardisierte Fragebögen von den Personen selbst angegeben. Diese Lebensverlaufsdaten haben die Eigenschaft, dass sie sowohl retrospektiv, als auch prospektiv erhoben werden können. Ich möchte mich innerhalb dieser Hausarbeit allerdings nur auf den retrospektiven Aspekt der Erhebung von Lebensverlaufsdaten beziehen. Es stehen zwei Strategien zur retrospektiven Datenerhebung zur Verfügung: Zum einen die Erhebung in einem retrospektiven Panel, wobei nach allen Ereignissen von Interesse gefragt wird, die zwischen zwei Erhebungswellen stattgefunden haben; zum anderen die retrospektive Einmal-Erhebung, bei der zum Befragungszeitraum sämtliche Ereignisse von Interesse in der Vergangenheit abgefragt werden. Allerdings bergen diese retrospektiv erfragten Daten einige Fehlerquellen in sich. So kann es z.B. geschehen, dass die befragten Personen sich nicht mehr an den, den Forscher interessierenden Teil aus dem Lebensverlauf, erinnern, dass Ereignisse fehldatiert werden oder ganz und gar vergessen oder verdrängt werden. Dies geschieht unwissentlich und ohne Intention des Befragten und hängt mit der Konstruktion und der Arbeitsweise des menschlichen Gedächtnisses zusammen. Diese möchte ich, soweit es der Rahmen dieser Hausarbeit zulässt, modellhaft beschreiben. Es gilt dabei herauszufinden, welche Gesetzmä igkeiten sich beim Speichern von Erinnerungen finden lassen und welche Annahmen wir über die Funktion der Informationsspeicherung an sich tre
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