U.S. Army units have been conducting peace operations in Bosnia since December 1995. There, the environment evolved from being one characterized by peace enforcement operations to one characterized by peacekeeping operations. As part of pre-deployment training and certification requirements, commanders and their units still train for peace operations. However, the training is not optimized for the environment that they will encounter. The Bosnia environment requires battalion and brigade commanders to possess and utilize mediation and negotiation skills. These skills enable consensus and cooperation building among former warring faction (FWF) leaders, other militaries, non governmental organizations (NGOs), and other national and international agencies as they continue to implement the General Framework of Peace (GFAP) in Bosnia. If the U.S. Army followed U.S. policy, joint, and service doctrine, commanders would be better prepared for peace operations in Bosnia. This monograph investigates and establishes a foundation of mediation and negotiation theory as it pertains to conflict resolution. It analyzes national policy, joint doctrine and service doctrine to determine that several doctrinal and policy requirements to train commanders in mediation and negotiation exist. After establishing doctrinal requirements for mediation and negotiation training, the monograph analyzes operational guidance and practice in Bosnia as well as the practices of other actors described above. This analysis serves to validate the doctrinal requirements. Interviews of former Implementation Force (IFOR) and Stabilization Force (SFOR) commanders and after action reports (AARs) then provide a basis of comparison that determines that the pre-deployment training for Bosnia is ineffective in developing adequate mediation and negotiation skills. It further determines that sufficient training programs are available or can be developed that will ensure a minimum competency in these skills for ba
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