Forschungsmethoden und Statistik. Belohnung in einem Unternehmen
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2016 im Fachbereich Mathematik - Statistik, Note: 1,3, ( Europäische Fernhochschule Hamburg ), Veranstaltung: FoSt, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die wesentlichen Prinzipien, die das Lernen durch Belohnung oder Bestrafung beschreiben, sind die klassische Konditionierung und die operante Konditionierung. Diese beiden Prinzipien wurden bereits Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts beschrieben und experimentell untersucht. Beim klassischen Konditionieren wird ein bestimmter Reiz (z.B. der Anblick von Futter) mit einem anderen Reiz (z.B. ein Glockenton) gepaart. In den Experimenten von Iwan Pawlow zeigte ein Hund nach einiger Zeit allein beim Ertönen der Glocke die Reaktionen, die er beim Anblick von Futter zeigte, vor allem Speichelfluss. Der Hund hatte also gelernt, dass der Glockenton für Futter steht; der Speichelfluss nach Ertönen der Glocke war zu einer konditionierten Reaktion geworden. Beim klassischen Konditionieren zeigt das Subjekt jedoch keine neue Verhaltensweise, die er vorher nicht schon gezeigt hätte. Dies ist beim operanten Konditionieren anders. Das operante Konditionieren ist vor allem mit den Namen Thorndike und Skinner verbunden. Hier werden bestimmte Verhaltensweisen des Subjekts belohnt oder bestraft. Wenn z.B. eine Taube immer auf eine bestimmte, z.B. farblich gekennzeichnete Stelle pickt, erscheint eine Futterpille. Die Taube erlernt somit "neues" Verhalten bzw. zeigt Verhalten, das sie ohne die Belohnung nicht zeigen würde. Auf diese Weise hat B.F. Skinner z.B. Tauben beigebracht, in einer 8 zu gehen oder Tischtennis zu spielen. Beim operanten Konditionieren hat also die Belohnung eine verhaltensformende Wirkung. Dahinter steht das "Effektgesetz", welches besagt, dass ein Verhalten, das belohnt wird, wahrscheinlich wiederholt wird. Die Belohnung wirkt dabei als "Verstärker", indem sie das belohnte Verhalten "verstärkt", also die Wahrscheinlichkeit ihres Eintretens erhöht. Verstärker können positiv oder negativ sein. Ein posit
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