Handlungs- und Regelutilitarismus: Darstellung und Vergleich
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Praktische (Ethik, Ästhetik, Kultur, Natur, Recht, ...), Note: 1,3, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (Institut für Philosophie), Veranstaltung: Praktische Philosophie: Utilitarismus, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Bilden Menschen eine Gemeinschaft, so brauchen sie Regeln und Prinzipien, nach denen sie ihr Zusammenleben gestalten. Gro en Einfluss haben dabei Vorstellungen über Moral und Ethik. Daher gibt es zahlreiche Morallehren, nach denen sich die Menschen richten sollen und die Vorgaben über richtiges und falsches Handeln bieten. Eine Morallehre, die besonders im 19. Jahrhundert sehr populär war, stellt der Utilitarismus dar. Diese philosophische Richtung bewertet alle Handlungen nach ihren Konsequenzen und fordert, dass stets das grö tmögliche Glück der grö tmöglichen Zahl das Ziel einer Handlung sein muss, damit sie als moralisch richtig bewertet werden kann. Vor allem britische Philosophen setzten sich mit diesem Modell auseinander und entwickelten es zu einer umfassenden Ethik weiter. Obwohl so berühmte Denker wie John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham und John J.C. Smart Befürworter des Utilitarismus waren, sah sich die Morallehre zahlreicher Kritik ausgesetzt und konnte sich, wie übrigens alle anderen Ethiken ebenfalls, nicht als allein gültige etablieren. Neben der Kritik von Gegnern des Utilitarismus gab es auch intensive Auseinandersetzungen innerhalb der Utilitaristen über die Ausrichtung der Morallehre. Dabei bildete die Diskussion um Handlungs- und Regelutilitarismus die intensivste Kontroverse. Da diese beiden Richtungen im Utilitarismus, der gro en Einfluss auf die Philosophie hatte, grundlegend sind, werden sie hier vorgestellt und erläutert. Dafür beschreibe ich zunächst den Utilitarismus an sich, seine Merkmale und Prinzipien und widme mich anschlie end der Erörterung von Handlungs- und Regelutilitarismus. Ein Fazit über die erläuterten Richtungen schlie t diese Darstellung ab.
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