Hongos Entomopatógenos como Alternativa de Control Biológico de Sitophilus Zeamais en Grano de Maíz
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Los hongos entomopatógenos juegan un papel importante como agentes de control biológico de diferentes insectos y plagas contaminantes. Los hongos entomopatógenos Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae y la mezcla de Paecilomyces fumosoroseus +Lecanicillium lecanii utilizados para el control de Sitophilus zeamais fueron evaluados para medir el grado de mortalidad y patogenicidad en el insecto. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en el laboratorio de Control biológico del grupo de manejo de cultivos, ubicado en la Casona, la colina, en la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. El efecto de cada uno de los tres hongos entomopatógenos fue evaluado en la especie Sitophilus zeamais o comúnmente conocido gorgojo del maÃz, se montaron 20 unidades experimentales las cuales contenÃan 2 individuos con 5 réplicas por tratamiento. Se evaluó la mortalidad luego de una aplicación cada 24 horas durante 5 dÃas consecutivos, para ello se utilizó 4g de cada hongo diluidos en 40 ml de agua destilada. Para evaluar el porcentaje de patogenicidad se aislaron durante 5 dÃas los individuos muertos de cada tratamiento acondicionados en un recipiente con condiciones de humedad para identificar en laboratorio la acción del hongo sobre el insecto muerto. Se realizó una segunda evaluación bajo las mismas condiciones y parámetros, esto para soportar los resultados. Luego de evaluar la mortalidad y patogenicidad se utilizó un prueba de Kruskal Wallis para determinar diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, se encontró que en S. zeamais tratados con B. bassiana fueron los que mejor control presentaron ya que se obtuvo un porcentaje de mortalidad y patogenicidad de 100 % . El estudio determinó la eficiencia de cada uno de los hongos entomopatógenos sobre la especie S.zeamais encontrando que en las dos evaluaciones realizadas el control con el hongo B. bassiana fue el más efectivo presentando diferencias significativas con respecto a los demás tratamientos. El control del gorgojo de maÃz (Sitophilus zeamais) con Beauveria bassiana es una alternativa agrosostenible para el control de la plaga por su efectividad.
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