"Internal and external reasons": Ist Bernard Williams' internalistische Auffassung von Handlungsgründen plausibel?
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts, Note: 2,0, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (Institut für Philosophie), Veranstaltung: Seminar "Willensschwäche", Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Eng mit dem Begriff der Moral verknüpft erstreckt sich in der philosophischen Handlungstheorie eine langjährige Debatte um die Bewertung von Handlungen. So richtet das Konzept der Tugendethik sein Augenmerk auf die Motivation einer Handlung, deontische Ethiken hingegen auf die Handlungsintentionen. Im Gegensatz dazu erachtet die konsequentialistische Position die Folgen einer Handlung als moralisch relevant. Eine entscheidende Frage all dieser Konzepte ist die nach den Handlungsgründen. Es gibt Handlungen, denen eine Entscheidung vorausgeht, ähnlich wie bei der Speisewahl in einem Restaurant. Gleichwohl gibt es Handlungen, die ohne eine klare Willensentscheidung umgesetzt werden, wie zum Beispiel das Tragen einer Jacke bei kaltem Wetter. Jedoch tritt ein weiterer Fall auf, wenn sich jemand zwar für eine Handlung entschlossen hat, sie aber dennoch nicht ausführt, sei es aufgrund einer Umentscheidung oder aus Willensschwäche. Orientiert an diesen Beispielen sind die vorangehenden Willensakte weder notwendig noch hinreichend für die Handlung. Was aber begründet folglich Handlungen? Anknüpfend an Humes Theorie der Motivation hat Bernard Williams eine Ansicht entwickelt, die er selbst als "Internalismus" bezeichnet (Vgl., Heuer 2001, S. 121). In seinem Aufsatz "Internal and external reasons" (Williams, 1981) versucht er zu zeigen, dass lediglich interne Gründe handlungsmotivierend sind. Anliegen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, zunächst nachzuvollziehen, wie Williams in seiner Argumentation seine internalistische Auffassung zu belegen versucht. Hierfür sollen einerseits enthaltene relevante Begriffe und Beispiele vorgestellt sowie erläutert und andererseits seine Argumente gesondert konkretisiert werden. Um sich der Problematik anzunä
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