Klassentheorie als Erklärung sozialer Ungleichheit. Karl Marx und Max Weber
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Soziologie - Individuum, Gruppe, Gesellschaft, Universität Bielefeld, Veranstaltung: Soziale Mobilität, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im Rahmen eines Seminars zum Thema "soziale Mobilität". Da soziale Mobilität stets im Zusammenhang eines gegebenen Klassen-/ Schichtungsgefüges zu betrachten ist, schlie t sich daran eine der primären soziologischen Fragen an: die Frage, warum es innerhalb einer Gesellschaft Ungleichheitsstrukturen gibt und wie es dazu gekommen ist. Die beiden gebräuchlichen vormarxistischen Antworten auf diese Frage erscheinen heute eher als ein Versuch der Legitimation bestehender Ungleichheiten denn als ein Erklärungsansatz. So betrachtete Aristoteles die Sklaverei seiner Zeit als direkte Folge von der Natur vorgegebener Unterschiede - wie Rangunterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern -, nach denen Mut, Intelligenz, Körperkraft et cetera ungleich verteilt sei. Ebenso nahm der mittelalterliche Christenglaube gesellschaftliche Ungleichheitsstrukturen als gegeben hin, in diesem Fall als 'von Gott gegeben' und folglich unveränderbar für die Menschheit. Soziologisch bedeutsam indessen war (und ist) die Betrachtung der Ungleichheit durch den Philosophen und Hegelianer Karl Marx (1818-1883), der den Blick auf das gesellschaftliche Miteinander und das menschliche Wirken richtete. Daher lege ich meinen Fokus in dieser Hausarbeit auf die Klassentheorie von Karl Marx, um die eingangs gestellte Frage nach soziologischen Erklärungen für soziale Ungleichheit aus der Sicht eines Klassikers zu beantworten. Nach einer allgemeinen Definition der Begriffe 'soziale Ungleichheit' und 'soziale Mobilität' werde ich die geschichtsphilosophische Theoriebasis von Karl Marx, der "Kolossalfigur des 19. Jahrhunderts", wie Norbert Elias ihn nannte, vorstellen, die im makrotheoretischen Ansatz zu verorten ist. Dazu stelle ich die gesellschaftlich-historischen Entwicklungen, die Marx anführt, und sein K
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