Les Etats et la construction des gendarmeries africaines au xxe siècle: Le cas du Gabon (1945-1969)
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C'est dans la seconde moiti� du XXe si�cle que nombre d'�tats africains francophones se dotent des forces de d�fense nationale et de s�curit�. � partir de l'exemple de la gendarmerie gabonaise, cet ouvrage analyse les conditions de cr�ation de ces institutions militaires et polici�res et leur r�le dans la construction de l'�tat postcolonial. Il permet aussi d'appr�cier l'internationalisation du mod�le gendarmique fran�ais et de repenser les relations militaires de la France avec les �tats africains au lendemain des ind�pendances. En effet, la Gendarmerie nationale gabonaise est n�e du legs de la gendarmerie de l'Afrique �quatoriale fran�aise et de la coop�ration militaire franco-gabonaise �tablie d�s 1960. Loin d'organiser un simple attribut de souverainet�, la cr�ation de cette institution militaire est d'abord motiv�e par sa place dans la dynamique historique du Gabon. Avant l'ind�pendance, elle �tait d�j� implant�e dans toutes les r�gions. Et son r�le en mati�re de s�curit� et de maintien de l'ordre public est vraisemblablement appr�ci� par les autorit�s administratives, judiciaires et militaires. C'est pourquoi, les autorit�s gabonaises lui donnent une place de choix dans leur syst�me de s�curit� et de d�fense. Mais sa construction, indissociable de celle de l'�tat, est rythm�e � la fois par la politique fran�aise au Gabon, m�lant strat�gies d'influence et assistance technique, et par la complexit� des rapports des autorit�s politiques gabonaises avec les premi�res �lites militaires. Ces faits, qui alt�rent quelque peu sa constitution et ses liens avec l'�tat, n'emp�chent pas le Gabon d'organiser une gendarmerie selon le mod�le fran�ais et de l'employer comme un outil au service du public. Par son maillage territorial, elle participe � la diffusion de l'autorit� de l'�tat naissant. Par l'ex�cution de ses missions, elle produit, non sans fragilit�s, la s�curit�, l'ordre et la d�fense de l'�tat en construction.
Mvou Kounta, Sidina Noël: - Sidina Noël Mvou Kounta est docteur en histoire moderne et contemporaine de l'université Bordeaux Montaigne. Il est assistant au département d'histoire de l'Université Omar Bongo. Ses travaux de recherche actuels portent sur les forces de l'ordre (gendarmes, policiers et gardes) pendant la colonisation en Afrique équatoriale française, les rapports Gendarmerie, État et nation au Gabon au XXe siècle.
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