Moses Mendelssohn und das Judentum
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2000 im Fachbereich Geschichte Europa - and. Länder - Mittelalter, Frühe Neuzeit, Note: 1,0, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Das 18. Jahrhundert ist das Zeitalter, in dem in West- und Mitteleuropa die Ideen der Aufklärung zum Durchbruch kommen. Die Grundüberzeugung der Aufklärer ist die Gleichheit aller Menschen aufgrund ihrer Vernunft, eine ihrer zentralen Forderungen die Toleranz im Hinblick auf religiöse Überzeugungen. Dies macht die bis dahin selbstverständliche Verbindung von Staat und Kirche fragwürdig und schafft ein Klima, in dem schlie lich auch die Juden als gleichwertige Mitmenschen ins Blickfeld rücken. Doch lange Zeit "fehlte noch die persönliche Verwirklichung, der lebendige persönliche Beweis", dass auch ein Jude am geistigen Leben des aufgeklärten Europa teilnehmen konnte. Diesen Beweis hat Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) erbracht. Er war "der erste moderne Jude, der nicht nur als Zaungast an der Umweltkultur teilnahm, sondern tätiger Mitträger und Mitgestalter dieser Kultur war." Und bei alledem blieb er doch sein ganzes Leben lang der Religion seiner Väter treu und hielt sich an die Vorschriften des scheinbar so unvernünftigen und despotischen mosaischen Gesetzes. Er zeigte seinen Zeitgenossen, wie "der Jude, der sich treu blieb, der von seinem Judentum nicht abdankte noch von ihm etwas fortnahm, im neuen Europa aufrecht auf seinem Platz stand." Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll untersucht werden, wie es Mendelssohn gelang, in seinem Denken jüdische Religion und Vernunft in Einklang zu bringen. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet hierbei der Lavaterstreit, zum einen wegen der Bedeutung, die dieser Auseinandersetzung in Mendelssohns Biographie zukommt, zum anderen weil die im Zusammenhang damit entstandenen Schriften wohl - wie sich im Vergleich mit seiner Spätschrift Jerusalem ergibt - mit einigem Recht als "abstract of Moses Mendelssohn's religious-philosophical works" angesehen werden können. Im Folgenden wird
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