Pietismus, Medizin und Aufklärung in Preußen im 18. Jahrhundert
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Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734) war weltbekannt als Vertreter einer holistischen Medizin, sp�terhin als die "nat�rliche Methode" von Sch�lern verbreitet und popularisiert. Er war u.a. ein Gegner invasiver Behandlungsmethoden, insbesondere der Verschreibung vieler Medikamente. 1694 wurde er an die neugegr�ndete Universit�t Halle berufen, als diese zum Versammlungsort reformwilliger junger Professoren wurde. Christian Thomasius und Johann Buddeus waren seine fr�hen Mitstreiter. Die Verfechter geistiger und erziehungsorientierter Erneuerung waren aber auch in den Erweckungsbewegungen zu finden. So trugen Stahls Auffassungen einer "wahren Medizin" wesentlich dazu bei, den Pietismus zu st�rken, auf praktischer Ebene als Anweisung zur Gesundheit und im Krankheitsfall als Behandlungsmethode. Aber auch in psychologischer Hinsicht war Stahls Theorie von gro er Bedeutung. Er war �berzeugt, der Mensch sei angewiesen auf synergetische Prozesse, die im K�rper, in der Seele, oder im Umbruch zwischen beiden, in den Sinneswahrnehmungen oder Gef�hlen ihren Ausgang nahmen. Dies erlaubte es, seelische und nat�rliche Intelligenz als Einheit zu sehen und machte es mehr als plausibel, da Empfindung und Einbildungskraft gleichrangig mit der Vernunft anzuerkennen seien. Stahls ansehnliches Wirken auf medizinische, psychologische und �sthetische �berlegungen zur Anthropologie ist nachweisbar. Die Schriften des pietistischen Arztes Christian Friedrich Richter und des Radikalseparatisten Johann Samuel Carl, ebenfalls Arzt und Sch�ler Stahls, verbreiteten diese "Psychomedizin" weit �ber akademische Kreise hinaus. Stahl stellte somit sowohl die ideologisch motivierte Identifizierung menschlicher Selbstbestimmung mit Vernunft wie auch eine reduktive "mechanistische" Physiologie (z.B. Hallers Irritationslehre) in Frage. Das Buch beschreibt das Leben Stahls und setzt seine Medizin in den Kontext der politischen, geistigen und sozialen Auseinandersetzungen seiner Zeit. Seine Auffassung, der Arzt sei Diener der Natur, nicht ihr Beherrscher, hat noch heute Relevanz.
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