Probleme der Klärschlammverwertung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der oberösterreichischen Situation mit Vorschlägen zu einer EU-konformen Klärschl
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Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: In Oberösterreich beträgt der jährliche Klärschlammanfall aus kommunalen Anlagen rund 33.000 t, der zu 99,7 % den gültigen gesetzlichen Anforderungen zur landwirtschaftlichen Verwertung entspricht. 40 % werden tatsächlich auf landwirtschaftliche Flächen ausgebracht. In dieser Arbeit wird ein detaillierter Überblick der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen der landwirtschaftlichen Klärschlammverwertung in der EU und in Österreich gegeben. Breiten Raum nehmen auch die Vorschläge der EU zur Überarbeitung der EU-Klärschlammrichtlinie 86/278/EWG ein. Gute Klärschlammqualität definiert sich durch ausreichenden Nährstoffgehalt, seuchenhygienische Unbedenklichkeit und minimierte Schadstoffgehalte. Ausführlich diskutiert werden die Gehalte an Schwermetallen, AOX, Tensiden, Phthalaten, PCBs, PAHs, Dioxinen, hormonell wirksame Substanzen, Arzneimittelwirkstoffen und radioaktiven Stoffen sowie in Klärschlamm mögliche Krankheitserreger. Die Arbeit macht Vorschläge zur Schadstoffminimierung durch konsequentere Umsetzung einer Vielzahl bestehender gesetzlicher Ma nahmen und zur Qualitätskontrolle. Aus dem Blickwinkel des nachhaltigen Bodenschutzes werden als Vorsorgewerte für Schwermetallgehalte in Böden vorgeschlagen: Kupfer 60 - 100 mg/kg, Zink 150 - 300 mg/kg, Chrom 50 - 100 mg/kg, Nickel 50 - 60 mg/kg, Blei 50 - 100 mg/kg, Cadmium 0,7 - 1 mg/kg, Quecksilber 0,5 - 1 mg/kg. Als Gesamtfracht pro Hektar und Jahr für alle Belastungen: Kupfer 500 g, Zink 1500 g, Chrom 200 g, Nickel 100 g, Blei 200 g, Cadmium 5 g, Quecksilber 2,5 g sowie ein Stufenplan für eine weitere Absenkung der Klärschlammgrenzwerte in Richtung Bodengrenzwerte mit einem ersten verpflichtenden Schritt bis zum Jahr 2004 wo bei Kupfer 300 mg/kg, Zink 1000 mg/kg, Chrom 100 mg/kg, Nickel 50 mg/kg, Blei 100 mg/kg, Cadmium 2 mg/kg und Quecksilber 2 mg/kg, jeweils in der Trockensubstanz angestrebt werden könnten. Eines der vordringlichsten Anliegen ist die Harmonisierung der unterschiedlichen ge
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