Selbstmord nach Durkheim
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2008 im Fachbereich Soziologie - Allgemeines und Theorierichtungen, Note: 2,3, Universität Kassel, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: "Man nennt Selbstmord jeden Todesfall, der direkt oder indirekt auf eine Handlung oder Unterlassung zurückzuführen ist, die vom Opfer selbst begangen wurde, wobei es das Ergebnis seines Verhaltens im voraus kannte." (vgl. Durkheim, 1973:27)Die gesellschaftliche Bewertung des Suizids ist eng verknüpft mit der Einstellung zu Leben und Tod im Allgemeinen; sie hat sich im Verlauf der historischen Epochen immer wieder gewandelt. In der griechischen Antike war man dem Suizid gegenüber ambivalent eingestellt. Das römische Reich begegnete dem Suizid, zumindest anfänglich, mit einer gewissen Liberalität. Im Mittelalter wurde der Suizid so deutlich abgelehnt wie in keiner anderen historischen Epoche, und zwar in erster Linie von den damaligen weltlichen und kirchlichen Machthabern. Diese stark ablehnende Haltung blieb bis in die Neuzeit hinein bestehen und lockerte sich erst im Zuge von Aufklärung und Säkularisierung. Innerhalb einer einzelnen Gesellschaft gab es oft unterschiedliche Bewertungen von Suizidhandlungen, je nachdem, wer sie beging. Während der Suizid in der Unterschicht mit aller Härte bestraft wurde, war man bei Angehörigen der oberen Schicht viel toleranter und tendierte sogar dazu, die begangenen Suizide zu idealisieren. Die gesellschaftliche Auseinadersetzung mit dem Suizid hält bis in die heutige Zeit an (vgl. Bieri, 2004/2005:16). Ich möchte in Hinblick auf diese Arbeit, die verschiedenen Selbstmordtypen nach Durkheim erläutern, sowie die sozialen und gesellschaftlichen Faktoren aufzeigen. Zunächst möchte ich den Begriff "Selbstmord" abgrenzen und den Unterschied zu den Wörtern, wie "Freitod" erläutern.
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