Systemtheorie Parsons und Luhmanns: Ein Vergleich
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich Soziologie - Allgemeines und Theorierichtungen, Note: 1,3, Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Veranstaltung: Mikrosoziologie, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Frage nach Gesellschaften und Systemen beschäftigt Wissenschaftler schon seit der Antike. Nicht nur Soziologen, sondern auch Akademiker anderer Disziplinen wie der Politikwissenschaft und der Philosophie gingen der Frage nach, unter welchen Voraussetzungen und vor allem zu welchem Zweck sich Akteure zu sinnhaften Einheiten zusammenschlie en. Rühl bezeichnete diese Forschungen "zum geschätzten und verbreiteten Erkenntnisinstrumentarium der Wissenschaften." ( Rühl 1969: 185) Die prägende Bedeutung dieser Studien zeigte sich vor allem in der Aufklärungsepoche, in der nahezu die gesamte Staatsauffassung von systemischem Denken geprägt war. Spätaufklärungsphilosophen wie Kant, Fichte und Hegel beschäftigten sich mit einer Menge von Elementen und ihren Beziehungen zueinander und die Bewusstseinsphilosophen Schelling und Feuerbach gingen den Phänomenen systemischer Organisation nach. (vgl. Hohlfeld 1999: 13) In der modernen Systemtheorie war es der Biologie vorbehalten, ein neues wissenschaftliches Paradigma zu schaffen. Ludwig von Bertalanffy entwickelte eine allgemeine Systemtheorie als Gegenentwurf vor allem zur Physik, die versuchte gemeinsame Gesetzmä igkeiten in physikalischen, biologischen und sozialen Systemen zu finden und zu formalisieren. Er kritisiert darin vor allem die Betrachtung von Einzelphänomenen und hält diese für nicht realitätsnah genug, um komplexe Umweltstrukturen zu beschreiben, vielmehr sei die Betrachtung von Vernetzungen nötig: "There exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relation or 'forces' between them. It seems legitimate to ask for a theory, not of systems of a more or less special kind, but
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