Targum Jonathan, otherwise referred to as Targum Yonasan/Yonatan, is the official eastern (Babylonian) targum to the Nevi'im. Its early origins, however, are western (i.e. from the Land of Israel), and the Talmudic tradition attributes its authorship to Jonathan ben Uzziel. Its overall style is very similar to that of Targum Onkelos, though at times it seems to be a looser paraphrase. The original language of Targum Jonathan is Aramaic. This edition is English. In Talmudic times (and to this day in Yemenite Jewish communities) Targum Jonathan was read as a verse-by-verse translation alternatively with the Hebrew verses of the haftarah in the synagogue. Thus, when the Talmud states that "a person should complete his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once" (Berakhot 8a-b), the passage may be taken to refer to Targum Jonathan (as well as to Targum Onkelos on the Torah). Targum Pseudo-Jonathan is a western targum (translation) of the Torah (Pentateuch) from the land of Israel (as opposed to the eastern Babylonian Targum Onkelos). Its correct title was originally Targum Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Targum), which is how it was known in medieval times. But because of a printer's mistake it was later labeled Targum Jonathan, in reference to Jonathan ben Uzziel. Some editions of the Pentateuch continue to call it Targum Jonathan to this day. Most scholars refer to the text as Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, or with the acronym TPsJ. The Talmud relates that Yonatan ben Uziel, a student of Hillel, fashioned an Aramaic translation of the Prophets (Megillah 3a). It makes no mention of any translation by him of the Torah. So all scholars agree that this Targum is not due to Yonatan ben Uziel. Indeed, de Rossi (16th century) reports that he saw two very similar complete Targumim to the Torah, one called Targum Yonatan Ben Uziel and the other called Targum Yerushalmi. A standard explanation is that the original title of this work was Targum Yerushalmi, which was abbreviated to (TY), and these initials were then incorrectly expanded to Targum Yonatan which was then further incorrectly expanded to Targum Yonatan ben Uziel. For these reasons, scholars call it "Targum Pseudo-Jonathan". The first of these manuscripts cited by de Rossi is thought to have been the basis of the first printing in Venice (1591) where the false title Targum Yonatan ben Uziel is used. The second manuscript - the only known one to still exist - is in the British Museum and was published by Ginsburger in 1903. This targum is more than a mere translation. It includes much Aggadic material collected from various sources as late as the Midrash Rabbah as well as earlier material from the Talmud. So it is a combination of a commentary and a translation. In the portions where it is pure translation, it often agrees with the Targum Onkelos. The date of its composition is disputed. The majority opinion, on the basis of much internal evidence, is that it cannot date from before the Arab conquest of the Middle East despite incorporating some older material. For example, Ishmael's wife is called by the legendary Arabic name Fatimah. Gottlieb puts the time of composition toward the end of the 8th century. On the other hand, since the Geonim are unfamiliar with it, and Rashi does not mention it, Rieder puts the composition some time after Rashi, perhaps during the period of the crusades. On any view, it cannot have been composed later than the early 14th century, as it is referred to repeatedly by Rabbi Menahem Recanati (1250-1310) in his Perush 'Al ha-Torah. An analysis of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan has been published recently by Beverly Mortensen, who dates it to the 4th century and regards it as a manual for kohanim (priests).
Tov Rose is the author of several books, including The New Messianic Version of the Bible; The Book of GOD: For Men; The Book of GOD: Genesis Unbound; The Baptism of Jesus from a Jewish Perspective, The Fall of the American Babylon and more. Tov has been a radio host, is a Speaker, Author, Bible Teacher, Chaplain, a Performer and has been a Pastor. Since 1991, He's been active working to help people better understand the nature and person God from a Jewish perspective. His biggest passion is explaining how the Word of God is the "God of Israel" Old Testament (Hebrew Bible), who was later born as Jesus/Yeshua in the New Testament. Tov came to faith in Yeshua (Jesus), through the testimony of my parents when he was three years old. This means he is a second generation Jewish believer in Jesus (Yeshua). Although he did have one great aunt named Sophi, who was also a Jewish lady who loved Messiah! When not writing books and all those other things, he enjoys quiet times at home with his wife, children. He is very active in the Minneapolis/Saint Paul Messianic Community. Locally, he's involved directly with the following organizations: Board Member: Gospel Cafe Ministries Board Member: The Humble Cup Coffee Shop (A Ministry Outreach at the University of Minnesota) Board President: Midwest Hebrew Ministries Minnesota Representative: Chosen People Ministries, International Over the last couple decades, he's built a reputation for teaching solid Bible foundations and difficult to understand Biblical concepts in a compassionate simple manner that anyone can understand. Most people who have sat through his classes know that he's not one to shy away difficult and taboo subjects, either. He guests on radio programs, television shows and speaks at conferences, seminars, in local congregations and other venues. And finally: Tov is always looking to network with new people! Please feel free to connect with him! www.TovRose.com
