The Making of China: From the Age of Legends to the Western Zhou Dynasty/何以华夏:从传说时É
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A 6,000-Year History of the Integration and Evolution of Ancient Chinese Civilization 一部6000年的中华民族上古融合演变史 Why did the "Rong, Di, Man, Yi"-peoples regarded by orthodox Chinese civilization as culturally backward-all claim descent from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors? And why, for thousands of years, did these "barbarian" groups continuously vie for control of the Central Plains? Through a systematic archaeological review, this book discovers that the Central Plains region became what the ancients regarded as "the center of the world" (Tianxia zhi Zhong) not only because of its superior geography and environment, but also due to a crucial factor: during the Peiligang and Yangshao cultures (c. 9000-5300 BP), the early inhabitants of the Central Plains continuously expanded outward and migrated. This movement, along with the resulting upper-class exchanges among different cultural groups, fostered a shared belief in ancestral worship and reverence for Heaven. As a result, peripheral groups repeatedly sought to conquer the Central Plains while also expanding outward-a pattern that continued for millennia. After six thousand years of friction, conflict, and integration among the Central Plains peoples, a turning point came during the Western Zhou dynasty. Through the implementation of the "feudal" system (fengjian) by the Duke of Zhou, the society transitioned from a chaotic, spontaneous stage to an active, self-aware one. Ethnic consciousness was awakened, and concepts such as "Huaxia," "Zhuxia," and "Zhongguo" were established, marking the formal formation of the Chinese nation. The essence of this transformation lay in transcending the political perspective of previous dynasties, which had been limited to tribal boundaries, and instead forging a cultural community imbued with the concept of "Tianxia" (all under Heaven). Thus, China was no longer a battlefield where different cultural systems competed against one another, but rather an arena within Huaxia itself-where the pursuit of continuity and strength became the driving force of history. 为什么被华夏正统视为文化落后的"戎狄蛮夷"都自认是"三皇五帝"的后裔?为什么几千年以来,"戎狄蛮夷"要不断逐鹿中原?本书通过考古学系统梳理发现,中原地区之所以能成为先人心目中的"天下之中",除了优越的地理位置和环境,还有一个重要因素是,在距今9000~5300年的裴李岗、仰韶文化时期,中原先民不断向外扩张、迁徙,以及由此带来的不同文化群体之间的上层交流,促成了祭祖祀天等观念的认同,才有了边缘族群在此后不断逐鹿中原又不断向外扩张景观的出现。中原族群在经过6000年的摩擦、冲突和融合,至西周时期,通过周公实施"封建"制度,从混沌的自在阶段过渡到主动的自为阶段,民族意识被唤醒,"华夏""诸夏""中国"等概念得以确立,华夏民族正式形成。其实质在于超越了前朝仅局限于部族范围的政治视角,而抟铸了一个具有"天下"意识的文化共同体,中国因此不再是不同文化体系人群竞争的战场,而成为华夏内部追求延续、追求强大的角逐舞台。
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