psychology > psychopathology / depression
The Relationship Between Self-Actualization and Depression in Later Life Of a Adult
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This quantitative study investigated the relationship between late-life depression (LLD)
and self-actualization (SA). Furthermore, it examined whether SA moderated the relationships
between LLD and its correlates, subjective health, grief, and social support. According to the
National Institute of Mental Health (2023), 6.5 million older adults over 65 years of age
experience depression. A vast array of literature on late-life depression (LLD) has focused on
medical, social, and psychological risk factors and outcomes such as illness, loneliness, history
of mental illness, and grief. Past studies have examined the relationship between depression and
various predictors such as gender, education, poverty, heart disease, cancer, disability,
loneliness, grief, pessimism, rumination, negative cognitions, and personality types. However,
few studies have examined the relationship between depression and one's perception of selfactualization
(SA), specifically employing a sample of older adults.
A life span and humanistic theoretical perspective informed the foundation of the study.
A self-administered cross-sectional survey with 48 items was employed. Participants were
recruited from adult day care centers and online Facebook groups for older adults. The sample
was comprised of 112 participants age 65 and over. A multiple regression analysis controlling
for age, gender, and marital status determined that self-actualization explained 18% of the
variance in LLD (p
that SA moderated 38% of the relationship between subjective health and LLD (p
had no significant effect on the relationships between LLD and grief or between LLD and
social support. The results contribute to an understanding of the psychosocial complexities that
occur later in life, suggesting that older adults who suffer from depression may also self-report
concerns about their unfulfilled potential. The results suggest the need for further research on incorporating SA into assessment and intervention for LLD. The study offers implications
for geriatric mental health theory, research, and practice, the importance of promoting
lifelong learning for older adults and future directions for public awareness and professional
education initiatives.
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