Worin besteht die 'Kopernikanische Wende' des Kantischen Kritizismus und was sind seine Konsequenzen für die Metaphysik?
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Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2004 im Fachbereich Philosophie - Philosophie des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, Note: gut, FernUniversität Hagen (Philosophie), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Im Jahre 1514 schlug der polnische Astronom Nikolaus Kopernikus ein Modell der 'Welt' vor mit der Sonne als Mittelpunkt, um den sich die Erde und die Planeten in kreisförmigen Umlaufbahnen bewegten. Die 'Kopernikanische Wende' in diesem Sinne bezeichnet somit die Ablösung des aristotelisch-ptolemäischen Weltbildes mit der Erde als Mittelpunkt (Geozentrismus) durch das heliozentrische Weltbild, ein nachhaltiger Bruch mit der damals vertretenen Lehrmeinung. In seiner zweiten Vorrede zur Kritik der reinen Vernunft stellte Kant eine Analogie zur Metaphysik her, indem er forderte, dass sich nicht mehr all unsere Erkenntnis nach den Gegenständen richten dürfe, sondern, dass sich "der Gegenstand (als Objekt der Sinne) nach der Beschaffenheit unseres Anschauungsvermögens" richten müsse. Damit begründete Kant "eine neue Stellung des Subjekts zur Objektivität". Durch den perspektivischen Wechsel wird das erkennende Subjekt zum eigentlichen Gegenstand der Metaphysik und der transzendentale, also Erkenntnis zuallererst ermöglichende Wert des Objekts, minimiert. Die Metaphysik Kants stellt also "nicht mehr die Frage nach Transzendentem", Erfahrungsjenseitigem, "sondern nach Transzendentalem", nach den Bedingungen und Grenzen der Möglichkeit von Erkenntnis überhaupt. Kants kritisches Anliegen ist die Vernunft selbst, Kritik an der Vernunft und Kritik durch die Vernunft. Die Kritik der reinen Vernunft will die Grenzen des Erkenntnisvermögens ziehen und "wenn man das Resultat der kopernikanischen Revolution, die Trennung von Erscheinung und "Ding an sich", anerkennt und die objektive Erkenntnis auf den Bereich möglicher Erfahrung einschränkt", stellt sich konsequenterweise die Frage nach den Auswirkungen auf die Probleme bzw. gro en Fragen der Metaphysik, mit denen sich Kant auseinandergesetzt hat, insbes
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